Business Laws Solved Question Papers | Nov' 2012 (Old Course) | Dibrugarh University

Business Laws Solved Question Papers
B.Com 1st Sem
Dibrugarh University
2012 (November) – Old Syllabus Semester System


1.(a) A contract is an agreement enforceable by law”. Explain
Ans: Meaning of Contract and Its essentials or (“All contracts are agreements, but all agreements are not contracts.” [Essentials of a Valid Contract] or “A Contract is an agreement enforceable by Law”)
Section 2 (h) defines ‘Contract’ as an agreement enforceable by law.  If we analyse the definition it has two components viz.
1. An agreement between two or more persons "To Do" or "Not to Do" something.
2. An enforceability of such an agreement at law i.e. personal rights and personal obligations created and defined by agreement must be recognized by law.
Section 2 (e) defines ‘agreement’ as “every promise and set of promises forming consideration for each other”. For a contract to be enforceable by law there must be an agreement which should be enforceable by law. To be enforceable, the agreement must be coupled with obligation. Obligation is a legal duty to do or abstain from doing what one promised to do or abstain from doing.  All contracts are agreements but for agreement to be a contract it has to be legally enforceable.
Section10 of the Act provide “All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of the parties competent to contract for lawful object & are not hereby expressly declared void.”
An agreement in order to become a contract must be enforceable by law. Agreements, which do not fulfill the essential requirements of a contract, are not enforceable. Thus when an agreement enables a person to compel another to do something or not to do something it is called a contract. Thus all contracts are agreements but all agreements are not contracts. In order to become a valid contract an agreement must posses the following essential elements:
a)      Offer & Acceptance: There must be two parties to an agreement i.e. one making the offer & other party accepting it. Acceptance of must be unconditional & absolute. A part of an offer cannot be accepted. The terms of an offer must be definite. The acceptance must be in the mode as prescribed & must be communicated. The acceptor of an offer must accept it in the same way & same sense & at the same time as offered by the offeror i.e. there must be consensus ad idem.
b)      Intention to create legal relationship: When two parties enter into a contract their intention must be to create legal relationship. If there is no such intention between the parties, there is no contract between them. Agreements of a social or domestic nature to do not constitute contracts.
c)       Lawful consideration: An agreement to be enforceable by law must be supported by consideration. “Consideration” means an advantage or benefit which one party receives from another. It is the essence of bargain. The agreement is legally enforceable only when both parties give something or get something in return. An agreement to do something without getting anything in return is not a contract. Contract must be in cash or kind.
d)      Capacity to Contract-Competency: The parties competent to contract must be capable of contracting i.e. they must be of the age of majority, they must be of sound mind & they must not be disqualified from contracting by any law to which they are subject to.  An agreement with minors, lunatics, drunkards, etc. is not contract & does not get a legal title.
e)      Free Consent: It is necessary between the contracting parties to have a free & genuine consent to an agreement. The consent of parties is said to be free when the contracting parties are of the same mind on the materials of a contract. They must mean the same thing at the same time the parties must not enter into a contract under undue influence, coercion, misrepresentation etc. If these flaws are present in an agreement it does not become a contract.
f)       Lawful object: The object of an agreement must be lawful. It should not be illegal, immoral or it should not oppose public policy. If an agreement suffers from a legal flaw with respect to object it is not enforceable by law & so it is not a contract.
g)      Agreement not declared void: For an agreement to be a contract it is necessary for the agreement must not be expressly declared void by any law in force in the country.
h)      Possibility & Certainty of performance: The terms of an agreement must not be vague or indefinite. It should be certain. The agreement must be to do a thing which is possible. For e.g. an agreement to sell a car for Rs. 100/- if sun does not rise tomorrow. This agreement is impossible & so not enforceable by law. 
Thus, agreement is the genus of which contract is the specie.
Or
(b) “ No consideration, no contract.” Explain. Discuss the exceptions to this rule.
Ans: Consideration and Its Essentials
Section 2 (d) of Indian Contract Act, 1872, defines consideration as “When at the desire of the promisor the promise or any other person has done or abstained from doing or does or abstains from doing something, such act abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promisor.”
Consideration is based on the term ‘quid-pro-quo’ which means ‘something in return’. When a person makes a promise to other, he does so with an intention to get some benefit from him. This act to do or to refrain from doing something is known as consideration.
Consideration is an advantage or benefit which moves from one party to another. It is the essence of bargain. It is the reciprocal promise i.e. to do something or abstain from doing something in return of a promise. It is necessary for an agreement to be enforceable by law. In consideration both the parties give something & get something in return. It may be in cash or kind.
The following are the rules related to the consideration
(i) Consideration must move at the desire of promisor. If it is done at the instance of a third party without the desire of the promisor, it is not consideration. Act done at the desire of a third party is not a consideration. Act must be done voluntarily at the desire of the promisor.
(ii) It may move from the Promisee or any other person in the Indian Law so that a stranger to the consideration may maintain a suit. A consideration may move from the promise or any other person. Consideration from a third party is a valid consideration. Under English Law, however, consideration must move from the Promisee only.
(iii) Consideration may be past, present or future. The words used in Section 2(d) are “has done or abstained from doing (past), or does or abstains from doing (present), or promises to do or to abstain from doing (future) something” This means consideration may be past, present or future.
(iv) There must be mutuality in consideration.
(v) It must be real & not illusory, infinite or vague. Although consideration need not be adequate, it must be real, competent and of some value in the eye of law. Physical impossibility, legal impossibility, uncertain consideration & illusory consideration.
(vi)  Consideration must not be unlawful, illegal, immoral or opposed to public policy. The consideration given for an agreement must not be unlawful. Where it is unlawful, the courts do not allow an action on the agreement.
(vii) Consideration need not be adequate. Consideration as already explained means “something in return”. This “something given”. The law simply provides that a contract should be supported by consideration. So long as consideration exists, the courts are not concerned as to its adequacy, provided it is of some value. “The adequacy of the consideration is for the parties to consider at the time of making the agreement, not for the court when it is sought to be enforced.”
Exceptions to the rule ‘No consideration no contract’
The general rule is that an agreement made without consideration is void. Section 25 deals with the exceptions to this rule. In such cases the agreements are enforceable even though they are made without consideration.  These cases are:
a) Love and Affection [Section 25(1)]: Where an agreement is expressed in writing and registered under the law for the time being in force for the registration of documents and is made on account of natural love and affection between the parties standing in a near relation to each other, it is enforceable even if there is no consideration. 
For e.g. F, for natural love and affection, promises to give his son A, Rs. 1 Lac. F puts this promise in writing and registers it. This is a contract.
b) Compensation for voluntary services [Section 25(2)]: A promise to compensate wholly or part a person, who has already voluntarily done something for the promisor, is enforceable, even though without consideration. A promise to pay for a past voluntary service is binding. 
For e.g. A says to B’ At the risk of your life you saved me from a serious accident. I promise to pay you Rs.1, 000.” There is a contract between A and B even though there is no consideration.
c) Promise to pay a time barred debt [Section 25(3)]: A promise by a debtor to pay a time barred debt is enforceable provided it is made in writing and is signed by the debtor or by his agent generally or specifically authorized in that behalf. The debt must be such “of which the creditor might have enforced payment but for the law for limitation of suits”
For e.g. D owes C Rs.1, 000 but the debt is barred by the Limitation Act. D signs a written promise to pay C Rs.500 on account of the debt. This is a valid contract.
d) Agency (Section 185): No consideration is necessary to create an agency.
e) Completed Gift (Explanation 1 to Section 25): The rule ‘No consideration no contract’ does not apply to completed gifts. This rule shall not affect the validity, as between donor and donee, of any gift actually made.
2.(a) Who is the unpaid seller? Describe briefly his right under the Sale of Goods Act.
Ans: Unpaid Seller and His Rights
Section 45 define an unpaid seller as “One who has not been paid or tendered the whole of the price or one who receives a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument as conditional payment and the condition on which it was received has not been fulfilled by reason of dishonour of the instrument or otherwise.”
The following conditions must be fulfilled before a seller can be deemed to be an unpaid seller –
(i) He must be unpaid and the price must be due.
(ii) He must have an immediate right of action for the price.
(iii) A bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument was received but the same has been dishonoured.
The rights of an unpaid seller can be broadly divided under 2 main headings –
I] Rights against the goods and
II] Rights against the buyer
I] Rights against the goods:
A] Where the property in the goods has passed to the buyer: Where the ownership in the goods has already been transferred to the buyer the following rights are available to an unpaid seller –
1. Right of Lien: The right of lien means the right to retain the possession of goods until the full price is paid or tendered.  When can lien be exercised:
(a) Where the goods have been sold without any stipulation as to credit.
(b) Where the goods have been sold on credit, but the term of credit has expired, and
(c) Where the buyer becomes insolvent.
The right can be exercised even if the seller holds the goods as an agent or bailee. Where part delivery of goods has been made, it can be exercised on the remaining goods, unless circumstances show he has waived his right.
Termination of lien: The right gets terminated under following circumstances:
(a) When the goods are delivered to a carrier or bailee but without reserving the right of disposal.
(b) When the possession is acquired by the buyer or his agent lawfully.
(c) When the right of lien is waived by the seller.
(d) When the buyer has disposed of the goods by sale of in any manner with the consent of the seller.
2. Right of stoppage of goods in transit: The right of stoppage in transit means the right to stopping the goods while they are in transit, to regain possession and to retain them until the price is paid. The essential feature of stoppage in transit is that the goods should be in the possession of someone intervening between the seller and the buyer. The unpaid seller can exercise the right of stoppage in transit if:
(a) The seller has parted with the possession of the goods.
(b) The buyer has not taken possession of goods.
(c) Buyer has become insolvent.
The unpaid seller may exercise the right to stoppage in transit in any one of the following 2 ways:
(a) By taking actual possession of the goods, or
(b) By giving notice of his claim to the carrier or other bailee in whose possession the goods are.
The right to stoppage in transit is lost under the following circumstances:
(a) If the buyer or his agent obtains possession.
(b) If after arrival of the goods at the appointed destination, the carrier or the bailee acknowledges to the buyer that he holds the goods on his (buyer’s) behalf.
(c) If the carrier or bailee wrongfully refuses to deliver the goods to the buyer or his agent.
(d) Where the part delivery of the goods has been made to the buyer or his agent, the remainder of goods may be stopped in transit. But if such part delivery has been given in such circumstances as to show an agreement to give up possession of the whole of the goods the transit comes to an end at the time of part delivery.
3. Right of resale: Where the unpaid seller has exercised his right of lien or resumes possession of the goods by exercising his right of stoppage in transit upon insolvency of the buyer, he can re-sell the goods under the following circumstance:
(a) where the goods are of perishable nature.
(b) Where the seller has given notice of his intention to re-sell the goods and yet the price remains unpaid.
(c) Where the seller expressly reserves a right of resale if the buyer commits a default in making the payment.
B] Where the property in the goods has not passed to the buyer: Where the property in the goods has not passed to the buyer, the unpaid seller can exercise the right to withholding delivery of the goods. This right is similar to and co-extensive with the right of lien and stoppage in transit where the property has passed to the buyer. Other remedies may include the right to claim damages for the loss suffered, special damages, etc.
II] Rights of an unpaid seller against the buyer personally
In addition to the unpaid seller’s rights against the goods, he has rights even against the buyer personally. They are as follows:
1. Suit for Price: Generally the seller can sue for the price of the goods only when the property in the goods has passed to the buyer and the price is not paid as per the terms of the contract. In cases where the property in the goods has not passed to the buyer, suit for price generally, cannot be maintained, unless under the contract, price is payable on a certain date irrespective of the delivery of passing of the ownership of the goods.
2. Suit for damages: The unpaid seller can bring an action for damages where the buyer wrongfully refuses to accept the goods or repudiates the contract.
3. Suit for interest: In case of breach of contract on the part of the buyer, the unpaid seller can claim for interest from the date of tender of the goods or from the date, the price becomes payable along with a suit for price.
Or
(b) Discuss, with example, the implied conditions under the Sale of Goods Act 1930.
Ans: Implied Conditions:
1. Condition as to title: In a contract of sale, unless the circumstances of the contract are such as to show a different intention, there is an implied condition on the part of the seller that –
(a) In the case of a sale, he has a right to sell the goods and
(b) In the case of an agreement to sell, he will have a right to sell the goods at the time when the property is to pass.
2. Sale by description: Where there is a contract for the sale of goods by description, there is an implied condition that the goods shall correspond with the description (Section 15). If you contract to sell peas, you cannot oblige a party to take beans.
3. Sale by sample: In a case of a contract for sale by sample, there is an implied condition:
(a) That the bulk shall correspond with the sample in quality
(b) That the buyer shall have a reasonable opportunity of comparing the bulk with the sample.
(c) That the goods shall be free from any defect, rendering them unmerchantable.
4. Sale by description as well as sample: Section 15 further provides that if the sale is by sample as well as by description, the goods must correspond both with the sample and with the description.
5. Condition as to quality or fitness: Normally, in a contract of sale there is no implied condition as to quality or fitness of goods for a particular purpose. The buyer must examine the goods thoroughly before he buys them in order to satisfy himself that the goods will be suitable for the purpose for which he is buying them. However, in the following instances, the condition as to quality or fitness applied –
(a) Where the buyer, expressly or by implication makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which he needs the goods and depends upon the skill and judgement of the seller whose business it is to supply goods of that description, there is an implied condition that the goods are reasonable fit for that purpose. [Section 16(1)]. For e.g. an order was placed for some Lorries to be used “for heavy traffic in a hilly area”. The Lorries supplied were unfit and broke down. Held, there is a breach of condition as to fitness.
(b) An implied condition as to quality or fitness for a particular purpose may also be annexed by the usage of trade. [Section 16(3)]


6. Condition as to merchantability: Where goods are bought by description from a seller who deals in goods of that description, here is an implied condition that the goods are of merchantable quality. This means that the goods should be such as are commercially saleable under the description by which they are known in the market at their full value.
7. Condition as to wholesomeness: In the case of eatable and provisions, in addition to the implied condition as to merchantability, there is another implied condition that the goods shall be wholesome. For e.g. C bought a bun containing a stone which broke one of C’s teeth. Held, he could recover damages.
8. Condition implied by custom: An implied condition as to quality or fitness for a particular purpose may also be annexed by the usage of trade in the locality concerned.

3.(a) What do you understand by promissory note? Elucidate the essentials of a promissory note.
Ans: Promissory Note
Promissory Note, in the law of negotiable instruments, is a written instrument containing an unconditional promise by a party, called the maker, who signs the instrument, to pay to another, called the payee, a definite sum of money either on demand or at a specified or ascertainable future date. The note may be made payable to the bearer, to a party named in the note, or to the order of the party named in the note.
According to the Section 4 of the Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881 “A Promissory Note is an instrument in writing not being a bank note or a current note containing an unconditional undertaking, signed by the maker, to pay a certain sum of money only to, or do the order of, a certain person, or to the bearer of the instrument.”
In other words, we can say that a promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another, signed by the maker, engaging to pay on demand to the payee, or at fixed or determinable future time, certain in money, to order or to bearer.
There are two parties to a Promissory Note:
a) Maker: It is the debtor, who promises to make the payment. It must be signed by its maker.
b) Payee: The person who receives the payment of the promissory note is the payee.
A signs instruments in the following terms:
(a) "I promise to Pay B or order Rs.500".
(b) "I acknowledge myself to be indebted to B in Rs.1, 000, to be paid on demand, for value received”.
(c) “I promise to pay B Rs.500/- on 01-10-2005. etc are promissory notes”.
The essentials of a valid Promissory note
1.       The Promissory Note Must Be in Writing: Mere verbal promises or oral undertaking does not constitute a promissory note. The intention of the maker of the note should be signified by writing in clear words on the instrument itself that he undertakes to pay a particular sum of money to the payee or order or to the bearer
2.       It Must Contain an Express Promise or Clear Undertaking to Pay: The promise to pay must be expressed. It cannot be implied or inferred. A mere acknowledgment of indebtness is not enough.
3.       The Promise to Pay must be Definite and Unconditional: The promise to pay contained in the note must be unconditional. If the promise to pay is coupled with a condition, it is not a promissory note.
4.       The Maker of the Pro-note Must Be Certain: The instrument should show on the fact of it as to who exactly is liable to pay. The name of the maker should be written clearly and ascertainable on seeing the document.
5.       It Should be Signed By the Maker: Unless the maker signs the instrument, it is incomplete and of no legal effect. Therefore, the person who promises to pay must sign the instrument even though it might have been written by the promisor himself.
6.       The Amount Must Be Certain: The amount undertaken to be paid must be definite or certain or not vague. That is, it must not be capable of contingent additions or subtractions.
7.       The Promise Should Be to Pay Money: The promissory note should contain a promise to pay money and money only, i.e., legal tender money. The promise cannot be extended to payments in the form of goods, shares, bonds, foreign exchange, etc.
8.       The Payee Must Be Certain: The money must be payable to a definite person or according to his order. The payee must be ascertained by name or by designation. But it cannot be made payable either to bearer or to the maker himself.
9.       It Should Bear the Required Stamping: The promissory note should, necessarily, bear sufficient stamp as required by the Indian Stamp Act, 1889.
10.   It Should Be Dated: The date of a promissory note is not material unless the amount is made payable at particular time after date. Even then, the absence of date does not invalidate the promissory note and the date of execution can be independently proved. However to calculate the interest or fixing the date of maturity or lm\imitation period the date is essential. It may be ante-dated or postdated. If post-dated, it cannot be sued upon till ostensible date.
11.   Demand: The promissory note may be payable on demand or after a certain definite period of time.
12.   The Rate of Interest: It is unusual to mention in it the rated of interest per annum. When the instrument itself specifies the rate of interest payable on the amount mentioned it, interest must be paid at the rate from the date of the instrument.


Or
(b) What are the distinctions between Cheque and Bill of Exchange?
Ans: Difference between cheque and bills of exchange:
Basis
Cheque
Bills of Exchange
Drawee
A cheque is always drawn on a bank or banker.
A bill of exchange can be drawn on any person including a banker.

Acceptance
A cheque does not require any acceptance.
A bill must be accepted before the Drawee can be made liable upon it.
Payment
A cheque is payable immediately on demand without any days of grace.
A bill of exchange is normally entitled to three days of grace unless it is payable on demand.

Stamp
A cheque does not require any stamp.

A bill of exchange must be stamped.
Protection
A banker is given statutory protection with regard to payment of cheques in certain circumstances.
No such protection is available to the Drawee or acceptor of a bill of exchange.

Crossing
A cheque may be crossed.
Bill can never be crossed.
Presentment
If not presented to the banker for payment, it does not discharge the drawer unless he suffers injury or damages.
Drawer is discharged, if bill is not presented for payment to the acceptor.

 Noting and Protesting
A cheque is not required to be noted or protested for dishonour.
A bill of exchange may be noted or protested for dishonour.

4.(a) Discuss briefly about the grievance redressal machinery functioning under the Consumers’ Protection Act.
There shall be established for the purposes of this Act, the following agencies, namely,-
a)      The Central Consumer Protection Council established by the Central Government by notification.
b)      The State Consumer Protection Council established by the State Government in the State by notification; and
c)       The District Consumer Protection Council established by the State Government   in each district of the State by notification. The State Government may, if it deems fit, establish more than one District Forum in a district.
1.       The Central Consumer Protection Council: The Central Government may, by notification, establish with effect from such date as it may specify in such notification, a council to be known as the Central Consumer Protection Council (hereinafter referred to as the Central Council).
Membership:
a)      The Minister in charge of consumer affairs in the Central Government, who shall be its Chairman, and
b)      Such number of other official or non-official members representing such interests as may be prescribed.
Objects of the Central Council
The objects of the Central Council shall be to promote and protect the rights of the consumers such as-
a)      The right to be protected against the marketing of goods [and services] which are hazardous to life and property;
b)      The right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard and price of goods 1[or services, as the case may be], so as to protect  the consumer against unfair trade practices;
c)       The right to be assured, wherever possible, access to a variety of goods and services at competitive prices;
d)      The right to be heard and to be assured that consumers'  interests will receive due consideration at appropriate forums;
e)      The right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices 1[or restrictive trade practices] or unscrupulous exploitation of consumers; and
f)       The right to consumer education.
2.       The State Consumer Protection Councils
The State Government may, by notification, establish with effect from such date as it may specify in such notification, a council to be known as the Consumer Protection Council (hereinafter referred to as the State Council).
Membership:
a.       The Minister in-charge of consumer affairs in the State Government who shall be its Chairman;
b.      Such number of other official or non-official members representing such interests as may be prescribed by the State Government.
Objects of state council:
The objects of every State Council shall be to promote and protect within the State the rights of the consumers laid down in clauses (a) to (f) of section 6. (Objects of National Council)
3.       The District Consumer Protection Council
Section 8-A as inserted by the Consumer Protection (Amendment) Act, 2002. The State government shall establish for every district, by notification, a council to be known as the District Consumer Protection Council.
Membership
The District Consumer Protection Council (hereinafter referred to as the District Council) shall consist of the following members:
a.       The collector of the district (by whatever name called) who shall be its Chairman; and
b.      Such number of other official and non-official members representing such interest as maybe described by the state government.
Objects of the District Council:
The Objects of every District Council shall be to promote and protect within the district the rights of consumers laid down in the clause (a) to (f) of Section 6 (National Consumer Protection Council)
CONSUMER COURTS AS PER VALUE / AREA OF CLAIM
The Consumer courts are 3 tiered.
1.       District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forums:  At the lowest level are the District Forums and these are established in each District and have jurisdiction to entertain complaints where the value of goods or services and the compensation if any, claimed does not exceed Rs.20,00,000 (TWENTY LAKHS), and a complaint can be filed in a District Forum within the local limits of which
a.       The opposite party resides or
b.      Carries on his business or works for gain or
c.       Where the cause of action arises.
2.       State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission: The State Consumer Disputes Redress Commission is established in each state and these have jurisdiction to entertain complaints where the value of goods or services and the compensation if any, claimed exceeds Rs.20,00,000 (TWENTY LAKHS) but does not exceed Rs.1,00,00,000 (ONE CRORE).
3.       National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission: The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission has jurisdiction to entertain complaints where the value of the goods or services and compensation if any claimed exceeds Rs.1,00,00,000 (ONE CRORE)
Or
(b) Explain how a file complaint under the Consumers’ Protection Act.
Ans: Ans: Complaint
In Section 2 (1) (c) "complaint" means any allegation in writing made by a complainant that:
b)      an unfair trade practice or a restrictive trade practice has been adopted by any trader;
c)       the goods bought by him or agreed to be bought by him suffer from one or more defect;
d)      the services hired or availed of or agreed to be hired or availed of by him suffer from deficiency in any respect;
e)      a trader has charged for the goods mentioned in the complaint a price in excess of the price fixed by or under any law for the time being in force or displayed on the goods or any package containing such goods;
f)       goods which will be hazardous to life and safety when used are being offered for sale to the public in contravention of the provisions of any law for the time being in force requiring traders to display information in regard to the contents, manner and effect of use of such goods.
With a view to obtaining any relief provided by or under this Act; the essential features of a “Complaint” are:
a)      The complaint must be in writing;
b)      The complaint must be made with a view to obtain any relief under the Act;
c)       The Complaint must make any of the five allegations stated under section 2 (1) (c), against a trader or manufacturer;
d)      The complaint must be filed in a manner prescribed under law i.e. under section 12 of the Act.
e)      The complaint must be filed before appropriate consumer commission having jurisdiction to entertain complaint. Section 17 & Section 21.
Ordinarily, the complaint must contain name, description and address of the Complainant and the purpose for which he bought the goods. It must also contain the name, description and address of the trader or manufacturer. It must state clearly, the facts of the case e.g. when the things was purchase? For what purpose? When the things were consumed or used? Defects in goods or deficiency in the service etc., what injury suffered etc. These facts must be supported by all relevant and proper documents. Lastly, the complaint must mention the relief or relief’s asked for against the trader or manufacturer i.e. the opposite party.
Procedure for Filing Complaint
The complainant or his authorised agent can present the complaint in person or send it by post to the appropriate forum or Commission, as the case may be. No fee is charged for filing a complaint before the District Forum or the State Commission or the National Commission.
Important Points
a.       Each of the members and the opposite parties are to be sent a copy of the complaint.
b.      The complaint himself should possess two or more copies of the complaint.
c.       If the complainant desires so he can send a copy to an active voluntary consumer organisation.
d.      A complaint should always be supported and verified by an affidavit.
The time period within which a complaint must be filed
The District Forum, the State Commission, or the National Commission shall not admit a complaint unless it is filed within two years from the date on which the cause of action has arisen. However, where the complainant satisfies the District Forum/State Commission, that he had sufficient cause for not filing the complaint within two years, such complaint may be entertained by it after recording the reasons for condoning the delay.
Decision Time: The District Forum, State Commission and National Commission are required to decide complaints, as far as possible, within three months from date of notice received by the opposite parties. For those complaints which require laboratory analysis or testing of commodities, the period is extended to five months. 
5.(a) Who is an authorized person under the FEMA-2000? Discuss the powers of the Reserve Bank of India in issuing directions to authorized persons.
Or
(b) Write notes on:
(i) Prohibited Capital Account Transaction
(ii) Explain the Goods and Services
6. Write short notes on:
(a)  Essentials of contingent contract
(b) Goods
(c) Modes of crossing
(d) District forum
7. Write ‘Yes’ or ‘No’
(a) A contract is discharged by commercial impossibility.          False
(b) A quasi-contract is a contract created by law not by the parties.          True
(c) Condition is a stipulation unessential to the main purpose of a contract.        False, essential
(d) To execute a contract of sale, seller and buyer must be there.                             True
(e) A cheque is not payable on demand.                               False
(f) Definition of consumer does not include a person who obtain goods for resale or for any commercial purpose.                                True
(g) A promissory note may not be in writing.       False

(h) The Consumers’ Protection Act was passed in 1996.                 False