2017 (May)
COMMERCE
(General/Speciality)
Course: 204
(Principles of Business Management)
Time: 3 hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions
(NEW COURSE)
Full Marks: 80
Pass Marks: 24
1. Answer the following as directed: 1x8=8
a) Why is management called a ‘group activity’?
Ans: Management plans, organizes, co-ordinates, directs and controls the group efforts so as to achieve organisational goals efficiently and effectively.
b) Write any one point of distinction between cooperation and coordination. 1
Ans: Coordination refers to bringing together the activities of an organisation. Coordination refers to voluntary efforts of individuals to work together and help each other.
c) “Trying to control everything may end up in controlling nothing.” (Write True or False) 1
Ans: Management by Exception
d) Mention two features of a good plan. 2
Ans: Goal-oriented or focus on objectives, flexibility
e) Authority can be delegated, but Responsibility cannot be delegated. (Fill in the blank) 1
f) Give one example of non-financial incentive. 1
Ans: Job Security, Job Rotation
g) Give an example of negative motivation. 1
Ans: Demotion
2. Write short notes on (any four): 4x4=16
a) Social responsibility of management: Social responsibility of management refers to steps taken by the management to protect the interest of the society along with protecting the interest of the organisation. It is the responsibility of management towards the owners of the organisation is that business should be managed profitably and shareholder will get fair return. For employees the management should adopt fair selection system. Training should also be provided. It is the responsibility of the management is to provide quality goods at reasonable price to the consumers. Management should also try to prevent environmental pollution and to preserve ecological balance.
b) Planning premises: Managerial plans are based on certain assumptions which are called planning premises. They constitute the ground on which plans will stand. Meaningful premises facilitate consistency and coordination of plans. The premises may be of:
a. Non-controllable premises such as economic conditions, political situations, tastes, preferences of people etc.
b. Semi-controllable premises such as firms market shares, union management relations etc.
c. Controllable premises such as policies of the organisation, procedures, rules etc.
Effective Premising :
a. To effectuate the planning premises following guidelines may be adopted.
b. Selection of the premises that bear materially on program.
c. Development of alternative premises for contingency planning.
d. Verification of the consistency of premises
e. Communication of the premises.
c) Concept of decision making: Decision-making is an essential aspect of modern management. It is a primary function of management. A manager's major job is sound/rational decision-making. He takes hundreds of decisions consciously and subconsciously. Decision-making is the key part of manager's activities. Decisions are important as they determine both managerial and organisational actions. A decision may be defined as "a course of action which is consciously chosen from among a set of alternatives to achieve a desired result." It represents a well-balanced judgment and a commitment to action.
It is rightly said that the first important function of management is to take decisions on problems and situations. Decision-making pervades all managerial actions. It is a continuous process. Decision-making is an indispensable component of the management process itself.
The effectiveness of management depends on the quality of decision-making. In this sense, management is rightly described as decision-making process. According to R. C. Davis, "management is a decision-making process." Decision-making is an intellectual process which involves selection of one course of action out of many alternatives. Decision-making will be followed by second function of management called planning. The other elements which follow planning are many such as organising, directing, coordinating, controlling and motivating.
d) Organization and organizing: The term 'Organisation' can be used in different senses. It can be used as a group of person working together to as a structure of relationships or as a process of management. When it is used to refer to a group of person working together, it means a concern, an undertaking or as enterprise.
When it is used to refer to a structure of relationships, it means the structural relationships among the positions and jobs and person (i.e., the framework of responsibility and authority) through which the enterprise functions, and it is called organisation structure.
On the other hand, Organising or Organizing in management refers to the relationship between people, work and resources used to achieve the common objectives (goals).
e) Unity of command: The principle of unity of command suggests that each subordinate should have only one superior. In other words there should not be dual subordination. Dual subordination results in undermining of authority, delay, confusion, disorder and indiscipline of subordinates.
3. (a) Describe briefly the management thoughts. 14
Ans: Evolution of management thoughts
The practice of management is as old as human civilization. The ancient civilizations of Egypt (the great pyramids), Greece (leadership and war tactics of Alexander the great) and Rome displayed the marvelous results of good management practices. The origin of management as a discipline was developed in the late 19th century. Over time, management thinkers have sought ways to organize and classify the voluminous information about management that has been collected and disseminated. These attempts at classification have resulted in the identification of management approaches. The approaches of management are theoretical frameworks for the study of management. Each of the approaches of management are based on somewhat different assumptions about human beings and the organisations for which they work. The different approaches of management are:
a) Early management approaches represented by scientific management (Classical approach or Theories)
b) Modern management approaches represented by behavioral science movement, quantitative approach, systems approach and Contingency approach (Neo-classical approach or theories)
a) THE CLASSICAL APPROACH: The classical approach is the oldest formal approach of management thought. Its roots pre-date the twentieth century. The classical approach of thought generally concerns ways to manage work and organisations more efficiently. Three areas of study that can be grouped under the classical approach are scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucratic management.
(i) Scientific Management: Frederick Winslow Taylor is known as the father of scientific management. Scientific management (also called Taylorism or the Taylor system) is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows, with the objective of improving labor productivity. In other words, Traditional rules of thumb are replaced by precise procedures developed after careful study of an individual at work.
(ii) Administrative Management: Administrative management focuses on the management process and principles of management. In contrast to scientific management, which deals largely with jobs and work at the individual level of analysis, administrative management provides a more general theory of management. Henri Fayol is the major contributor to this approach of management thought.
(iii) Bureaucratic Management: Bureaucratic management focuses on the ideal form of organisation. Max Weber was the major contributor to bureaucratic management. Based on observation, Weber concluded that many early organisations were inefficiently managed, with decisions based on personal relationships and loyalty. He proposed that a form of organisation, called a bureaucracy, characterized by division of labor, hierarchy, formalized rules, impersonality, and the selection and promotion of employees based on ability, would lead to more efficient management. Weber also contended that managers' authority in an organisation should be based not on tradition or charisma but on the position held by managers in the organisational hierarchy.
b) Neo-classical approach: It can be studied under the following headings:
a) THE BEHAVIORAL Or SITUATIONAL APPROACH: The behavioral approach of management thought developed, in part, because of perceived weaknesses in the assumptions of the classical approach. The classical approach emphasized efficiency, process, and principles. Some felt that this emphasis disregarded important aspects of organisational life, particularly as it related to human behavior. Thus, the behavioral approach focused on trying to understand the factors that affect human behavior at work.
(i) Human Relations: The Hawthorne Experiments began in 1924 and continued through the early 1930s. A variety of researchers participated in the studies, including Elton Mayo. One of the major conclusions of the Hawthorne studies was that workers' attitudes are associated with productivity. Another was that the workplace is a social system and informal group influence could exert a powerful effect on individual behavior. A third was that the style of supervision is an important factor in increasing workers' job satisfaction.
(ii) Behavioral Science: Behavioral science and the study of organisational behavior emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. The behavioral science approach was a natural progression of the human relations movement. It focused on applying conceptual and analytical tools to the problem of understanding and predicting behavior in the workplace. The behavioral science approach has contributed to the study of management through its focus on personality, attitudes, values, motivation, group behavior, leadership, communication, and conflict, among other issues.
b) THE QUANTITATIVE APPROACH: The quantitative approach focuses on improving decision making via the application of quantitative techniques. Its roots can be traced back to scientific management.
(i) Management Science: Management science (also called operations research) uses mathematical and statistical approaches to solve management problems. It developed during World War II as strategists tried to apply scientific knowledge and methods to the complex problems of war. Industry began to apply management science after the war. The advent of the computer made many management science tools and concepts more practical for industry
(ii) Production And Operations Management: This approach focuses on the operation and control of the production process that transforms resources into finished goods and services. It has its roots in scientific management but became an identifiable area of management study after World War II. It uses many of the tools of management science. Operations management emphasizes productivity and quality of both manufacturing and service organisations. W. Edwards Deming exerted a tremendous influence in shaping modern ideas about improving productivity and quality. Major areas of study within operations management include capacity planning, facilities location, facilities layout, materials requirement planning, scheduling, purchasing and inventory control, quality control, computer integrated manufacturing, just-in-time inventory systems, and flexible manufacturing systems.
c) SYSTEMS APPROACH: The systems approach focuses on understanding the organisation as an open system that transforms inputs into outputs. The systems approach began to have a strong impact on management thought in the 1960s as a way of thinking about managing techniques that would allow managers to relate different specialties and parts of the company to one another, as well as to external environmental factors. The systems approach focuses on the organisation as a whole, its interaction with the environment, and its need to achieve equilibrium.
d) CONTINGENCY APPROACH: The contingency approach focuses on applying management principles and processes as dictated by the unique characteristics of each situation. It emphasizes that there is no one best way to manage and that it depends on various situational factors, such as the external environment, technology, organisational characteristics, characteristics of the manager, and characteristics of the subordinates. Contingency theorists often implicitly or explicitly criticize the classical approach for its emphasis on the universality of management principles; however, most classical writers recognized the need to consider aspects of the situation when applying management principles.
Or
(b) Critically discuss the systems approach of management. 14
Ans: The systems approach focuses on understanding the organisation as an open system that transforms inputs into outputs. The systems approach began to have a strong impact on management thought in the 1960s as a way of thinking about managing techniques that would allow managers to relate different specialties and parts of the company to one another, as well as to external environmental factors. The systems approach focuses on the organisation as a whole, its interaction with the environment, and its need to achieve equilibrium.
In simple words, a system may be defined as a set a interrelated and interdependent parts forming an organized unit or entity. These parts are known as sub-systems which interact with each other and are subject to change. They are interrelated as well as interdependent. Hence, changes in any sub-system lead to changes in others. Any working organisation may be said to have three sub-systems as follows:
1. Technical Sub-System It represents the formal relationships among the members of an organisation.
2. Social Sub-System: It provides social satisfaction to members through informal group relations.
3. Power Sub-System: It reflects the exercise of power or influence by individuals and groups.
Critical Evaluation of system approach of management
Systems theory has made the following advantages
1. It provides a manager a way of thinking about the job he has to managed and finds an opportunity to him for looking it the organization as a whole and for achieving overall effectiveness.
2. It provides main focus to organizational efforts towards a direction which people should move.
3. It draws attention of managers to an important factor and that is the environment in which an organization works. The interaction with the environment is dynamic.
4. It includes within it focus both micro and macro aspects of the organizations. Hence it serves a multi-level and multi-dimensional approach.
5. It implies that the modern manager should have analytical orientation should be expert in motivating to achieve goals and open mandate to receive and respect new ideas, i.e. creativity and innovation.
6. It also implies that management education must seek to develop the ability to work with and motivate others.
7. The feed back mechanism provides and opportunity to rearrange organizations part according to the change in the environment.
The system theories have been criticized on the following grounds.
1. Systems theory is not a complete explanation of the whole organizational system. It does not explain how the sub-system of the specific organization is uniquely related in a given environment.
2. The conceptional framework for understanding organization provided by system theory is too abstract.
3. It does not really offer any new thing. Managers do understand interrelationship between different parts and the influence of environment on organization and it sub-systems.
4. (a) “Planning is an important function of management.” Justify the statement with reasons. 14
Ans: Planning is the primary function of management. Planning concentrates on setting and achieving objectives through optimum use of available resources. Planning is necessary for any organisation for its survival growth and prosperity under competitive and dynamic environment. Planning is a continuous process to keep organisation as a successful going concern,
In the words of:
Koontz and O’Donnel – “Planning is deciding in advance, what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who is to do it. It bridges the gap from where we are to where we want to go.”
Allen – “Management planning involves the development of forecasts, objectives, policies programmes, procedures, schedules and budgets.”
Haynes and Massie - Planning is a decision making process of a special kind. It is an intellectual process in which creative thinking and imagination is essential.”
Alfred and Beatty - “Planning is the thinking process, the organized foresight, the vision based on fact and experience that is required for intelligent action.
Importance and Advantages of Planning
Planning is of vital importance in the managerial process. No enterprise can achieve its objectives without systematic planning. “Planning is the heart of management” The following points highlight the importance of planning function of management:
a) Planning provides directions: By stating i n advance how work is to be done, planning provide direction for action. If goals are well defined, employees are aware of what the organisation has to do and what they must do to achieve those goals. Departments and individuals in the organisation are able to work in coordination. Planning keeps the organisation on the right path. If there was no planning, employees would be working in different directions and the organisation would not be able to achieve its goals efficiently.
b) Planning reduces the risks of uncertainty: Business enterprises operate in an uncertain environment and face several types of risks. Planning enables these enterprises to predict future events and prepare to face the unexpected events. With the help of planning, managers can identify potential dangers and take steps to overcome them. Thus, planning helps risk and uncertainty.
c) Planning facilitates decision-making: Decision-making involves searching for various alternative courses of action, evaluating them and selecting the best course of action. Under planning, targets are laid down. With the help of these targets, managers can better evaluate alternative courses of action and select the best alternative. Plans lay down in advance what is to be done and how it is to be done. Therefore, decisions can be taken with greater confidence.
d) Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities: Since planning ensures clarity in thought and action, work is carried on smoothly without interruptions. There is no confusion and misunderstanding. Useless and redundant activities are minimized or eliminated. It is easier to detect inefficiencies and take corrective measures to deal with them.
e) Planning promotes innovative ideas: Planning is thinking in advance and, therefore, there is scope of finding better ideas and better methods and procedures to reach the objectives/goals of the enterprise. This forces managers to think differently about the future of the organisations from the present. Thus, planning makes the managers innovative and creative.
f) Planning establishes standards for controlling: Planning provides the goals or standards against which the actual performance can be measured and evaluated. A comparison of actual performance with the standards helps to identify the deviations and to take corrective action. Planning makes control meaningful and effective. ‘Control is blind without planning.” Thus, planning provides the basis of control.
Or
(b) Describe the meaning and significance of management by objectives. 4+10=14
Ans: The concept Management by Objectives was coined by Peter Drucker in 1954. As per this concept, the organisational goals are broken down to different level objectives and assigned to individuals at different level in order to have the organisational goal. It is a technique and philosophy of management based on converting an organisational objective into a personal objective on the presumption that establishing personal objectives makes an employee committed, which leads to better performance.
Koontz defined MBO as follows: “MBO is a comprehensive managerial system that integrates many key managerial activities in a systematic manner, consciously directed towards the effective and Efficient achievement of organisational objectives.”
According to George Odiome, “MBO is a process whereby superior and subordinate managers of an Organisation jointly define its common goals, define each individual's major areas of responsibility in terms Of results expected of him and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members."
According to John Humble, “MBO is a dynamic system which seeks to integrate the company's needs to clarify and achieve its profits and growth goals with the manager's need to contribute and develop himself. It is a demanding and rewarding style of managing a business."
The main benefits of MBO are as follows:
1. Improved Planning: MBO involves participative decision-making which makes objectives explicit and plans more realistic. It focuses attention on goals in key result areas. MBO forces managers to think in terms of results rather than activities. It encourages people to set specific pleasurable goals instead of depending on hunches or guesswork. An integrated hierarchy of objectives is created throughout the organisation. Precise performance objectives and measures indicating goal accomplishment are laid down. There is a time bound programme.
2. Co-ordination: MBO helps to clarify the structure and goals of the organisation. Harmony of objectives enables individuals at various levels to have a common direction. Every individual knows clearly his role in the organisation, his area of operation and the results expected of him. MBO result in clarification of organisational roles and structure. It promotes and integrated view of management and helps interdepartmental co-ordination.
3. Motivation and Commitment: Participation of subordinates in goal setting and performance reviews tend to improve their commitment to performance. The corporate goals are converted into personal goals at all levels to integrate the individual with the organisation. Timely feedback on performance creates a feeling of accomplishment Job enrichment and sense of achievement help to improve job satisfaction and morale. Improved communication and sense of involvement provides psychological satisfaction and stimulates them for hard work. MBO ensures performance by converting objective needs into personal goals and by providing freedom to subordinates.
4. Accurate Appraisal: MBO replaces trait based appraisal by performance based appraisal. Quantitative targets for every individual enable him to evaluate his own performance. Performance under MBO is innovative and future oriented. It is positive, more objective and participative. Emphasis is on job requirements rather than on personality. MBO provides an objective criterion for evaluation of actual performance. "Indeed one of the major contributions of MBO is that it enables us to substitute management by self-control, for management by domination.
5. Executive Development: The MBO strategy is a kind of self-discipline whereby shortcomings and development needs are easily identified. It stresses upon a long term perspective and self-development. MBO releases potential by providing opportunities for learning, innovation and creativity. It encourages initiative and growth by stretching capabilities of executives.
6. Organisational Change and Development: MBO provides a frame work for planned changes. It enables managers to initiate and manage change. It helps to identify short-comings in organisational structure and processes. In this way, MBO improves the capacity of the organisation to cope with its changing environment. When an organisation is managed by objectives, it becomes performance-oriented and socially-useful.
5. (a) Discuss in detail the advantages and disadvantages of line and staff organization in the field of business management. 7+7=14
Ans: LINE AND STAFF ORGANISATION: In line organisation, there is unity of command, hut there is no specialization. In functional organisation, there is extreme specialisation, hut there is no unity of command. To overcome the defects and to take advantage of the merits of both line organisation and functional organisation, line and staff organisation has been evolved. Line and staff organisation is the Usual form of organisation found in modern enterprise.
Line and staff organisation is a combination of line organisation and functional organisation. It is a type of organisation in which there arc two sets of officers for administration, viz., (1) line officers who have the authority and command over the subordinates and are responsible for the accomplishment of the results, and-(2) staff officers or specialists who render experts advice to the line officers to help them to discharge their functions efficiently.
Advantages of Line and staff organisation
a) Specialization management: The higher the specialization of jobs, the greater the need for centralization. Tall hierarchical organizations with functional departments are best managed through centralization.
b) Complexity management: Specialization of jobs creates complexity. Narrow spans of management also create complexity. Line and staff provides advantage to manage complexity. Uniform policies and practices are fostered. Specialists can be used.
c) Significant decision making: Non-programmed significant decisions require centralized decision making by top management. Line officers have the authority and command over the subordinates and are responsible for the accomplishment of the results.
d) Environmental stability: Line and staff organisation is the most suitable model for making decisions in stable environment.
e) Improved capacity at lower levels: Subordinates may lack capacity or be unwilling and inexperienced to perform their duties. Staff officers or specialists who render experts advice to the line officers to help them to discharge their functions efficiently.
f) Crisis management: When organizations face crisis or risk of failure, line officers who have the authority and command over the subordinates can better manage the situation.
g) Cost effective: Cost of management of line and staff organisation is less as compared to other form of organisation.
Disadvantages of Line and staff organisation
a) Poor environmental adaptation: Organizational environment tends to be dynamic, complex and uncertain. Line and staff organisation cannot quickly adapt to the changing environment.
b) Poor diversification management: Modern organizations tend to be highly diversified. They are also geographically dispersed. Line and staff orgnisation is not suitable to manage diversified and dispersed organizations.
c) Unsuitable for programmed decisions: Programmed decisions are routine-type decisions. They are relatively minor decisions. Such decisions are not suitable for line and staff organisation. They burden top managers.
d) Poor management development: Line and staff organisation blocks the management development of subordinates. Their skills and talents remain unutilized because of lack of participation and involvement in decision making.
e) Delayed decisions: Line and staff creates multiple layers for decision making purposes. The files move through the hierarchy from subordinates to bosses. This delays decision making.
Or
(b) Briefly describe the bases of departmentation with relative merits and demerits. 14
Ans: Departmentation - Introduction
The process of dividing activities into units and subunits is referred to as departmentation. The term departmentation is used in a generic sense n is not only confined to the creation of such units as are called departments, but it includes divisions, sections and jobs also.
Dividing up work calls or identification of total activities and classification of such activities into units and subunits. There are three bases for primary grouping of activities at the second level of the organisation just below the top level. Units at the second level are commonly called departments when business functions are adopted as the pattern of grouping activities. Such units go by the name of divisions when either products manufactured or territories are adopted as the means of classifying activities.
There are, however, two approaches to departmentation- top down and bottom-up approaches. In the top-down approach, activities are divided step by step downward form the chief executive's job to the operating jobs. In the bottom-up approach, the division of activities is carried on in a reverse order. Starting form operating jobs, there arise sections form combining some correlated jobs, departments from combining some sections and finally the chief executive position form putting departments together. While the top-down approach gives emphasis on co-ordination and managerial action, the bottom-up approach gives emphasis on co-ordination and managerial action, the bottom-up approach focuses attention on employee performance. Although the top-down approach is easy for understanding the departmentation process, both the approaches are utilized in actual practice
Bases or Methods of departmentation
Departmentation provides motivation by developing feeling of autonomy to the extent possible. There are several bases of departmentation. The more commonly used bases are function, produt, territory, process, customer, time etc. Some of these bases are internal-operation – oriented like function, process, time while others like product, territory and customer are output-oriented.
a. Functional Departmentation: The grouping of common or homogeneous activities to form an organisation unit is known as functional departmentation. Functional departmentation is the most widely used basis for organising activities and is present almost in every large organisation at some level.
Functional departmentation is most commonly used because it offers certain advantages which include advantages of specialization, ensuring performance of activities necessary for the achievement of organisational objectives, elimination of un-necessary activities, easier control over functions, easier way for pinpointing training need of the managers and maintaining the relative importance of functions in the organisation.
b. Product wise departmentation: Product departmentation involves the grouping together of all activities necessary to manufacture a product or product line. Product departmentation is preferred for product expansion and diversification when manufacturing and marketing characteristics of each product are of primary concern. Product departmentation offers several advantages places attention to product lines, reduces problems of coordination for different products, provides opportunities for further diversification and expansion of organisation and provides product specialization necessary for managers specially when each product is different from other.
c. Territory – wise Departmentation: Territorial or geographical departmentation is specially useful to large-sized organisations having activities which are physically or geographically spread such as banking, insurance, transportation etc., Territorial departmentation provides certain efficiency in operation. Local factors such as customers, culture, styles, preferences etc., always affect organisational functioning.
d. Production processes – wise departmentation: In process departmentation, processes involved in production or various types of equipments used are taken as basis for departmentation. When the production activities involve the use of several distinctive processes, these can be used as the base for grouping of activities. Such activities may be textiles, oil production etc., The process are set in such a way that a series of operations is feasible making operations economic. It provides advantages of specialization required at each level of total processes, maintenance of plant can be done in better way, and manpower can be utilized effectively.
e. Customer – wise departmentation: Customer based departmentation is basically market – oriented in which departments are created around the markets served or around marketing channels. The basic idea of this departmentation is to provide services to clearly identified groups of customers. Each group of customers has different purchase behavior, payment schedule, demand pattern etc., Therefore they can be attracted to the organisation’s business by satisfying them by providing services, payment schedule demand pattern etc.
6. (a) Discuss the nature and importance of motivation in business management. 7+7=14
Ans: The word motivation is derived from ‘motive', which means an active form of a desire, craving or need that must be satisfied. Motivation is the key to organisational effectiveness. The manager in general has to get the work done through others. These 'others' are human resources who need to be motivated to attain organisational objectives.
According to George R. Terry, "Motivation is the desire within an individual that stimulates him or her to action."
According to Berelson and Steiner “A motive is an inner state that energizes activates, or moves and directs or channels behavior goals".
According to Lills "It is the stimulation of any emotion or desire operating upon one's will and promoting or driving it to action".
According to Encyclopedia of Management "Motivation refers to the degree of readiness of an organism to pursue some designated goals and implies the determination of the nature and locus of force inducing a degree of readiness."
Nature/Characteristics of Motivation
Motivation is a psychological phenomenon which generates within an individual. A person feels the lack of certain needs, to satisfy which he feels working more. The need satisfying ego motivates a person to do better than he normally does. From definitions given earlier the following inferences can be derived:
a) Motivation is an inner psychological force, which activates and compels the person to behave in a particular manner.
b) The motivation process is influenced by personality traits, learning abilities, perception and competence of an individual.
c) A highly motivated employee works more efficiently and his level of production tends to be higher than others.
d) Motivation originates from the-needs and wants of an individual. It is a tension of lacking something in his mind, which forces him to work more efficiently.
e) Motivation is also a process of stimulating and channelizing the energy of an individual for achieving set goals.
f) Motivation also plays a crucial role in determining the level of performance. Highly motivated employees get higher satisfaction, which may lead to higher efficiency.
g) Motivating force an^ its degree, may differ from individual to individual depending on his personality, needs, competence and other factors.
h) The process of Motivation helps the manager in analyzing and understanding human behavior and finding but how an individual can be inspired to produce desirable working behavior.
i) Motivation may be positive as well as negative. Positive motivation includes incentives, rewards and other benefits while negative motivation implies some punishment, fear, use of force etc.
j) The motivation procedure contributes to and boosts up the morale of the employees. A high degree of motivation may lead to high morale.
Importance of Motivation
a) High Performance: - Motivated employee’s writ put maximum efforts for achieving organisational goals. The untapped reservoirs of physical and mental abilities are taped to the maximum. Better performance will also result in higher productivity. The cost of production can also be brought down if productivity is raised.
b) Low employee Turnover and Absenteeism: -When the employees are not satisfied with their job then they will leave it whenever they get an alternative offer. The dissatisfaction among employees also increases absenteeism. The employment training of new employees costs dearly to the organisation.
c) Better Organisational Images: -Those enterprises which offer better monetary and non-monetary facilities to their employees have a better image among them. Such concerns are successful in attracting better qualified and experienced persons. Since there is a better man-power to development programme, the employees will like to join such organisations. Motivational efforts will simplify personnel functions also.
d) Better Industrial Relations: -A good motivational system will create job satisfaction among employees. The employment will offer them better service conditions and various other incentives. There will be an atmosphere of confidence among employers and employees. There will be no reason for conflict and cordial relations among both sides will create a healthy atmosphere. So motivation among employees will lead to better industrial relations.
e) Acceptability to Change: -The changing social an industrial situations will require changes and improvements in the working of enterprises. There will be a need to introduce new and better methods of work from time to time. Generally employees resist changes for fear of an adverse effect on their employment.
Or
(b) Explain the concept of leadership. Discuss its significance in the management of a large manufacturing enterprise. 4+10=14
Ans: Leadership is the ability to build up confidence and deal among people and to create an urge in them to be led. To be a successful leader, a manager must possess the qualities of foresight, drive, initiative, self-confidence and personal integrity. Different situations may demand different types of leadership.
Leadership means influencing the behaviour of the people at work towards realizing the specified goals. It is the ability to use non-coercive (no force) influence on the motivation, activities and goals (MAG) of others in order to achieve the objectives of the organisation.
Koontz and 0' Donnel “Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce subordinates to work with confidence and zeal”.
George R Terry “Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for group objectives”.
Significance of Leadership
The importance of leadership are as follows:
1. It improves motivation and morale: Through dynamic leadership managers can improve motivation and morale of their subordinates. A good leader influences the behaviour of an individual in such a manner that he voluntarily works towards the achievement of enterprise goals.
2. It acts as a motive power to group efforts: Leadership serves as a motive power to group efforts. It leads the group to a higher level of performance through its persistent efforts and impact. On human relations.
3. It acts as an aid of authority: The use of authority alone cannot always bring the desired results. Leadership acts as an aid to authority by influencing, inspiring, and initiating action.
4. It is needed at all levels of management: Leadership plays a pivotal role at all levels of management because in the absence of effective leadership no management can achieve the desired results.
5. It rectifies the imperfectness of the formal organizational relationships: No organizational structure can provide all types of relationships and people with common interest may work beyond the confines of formal relationships. Such informal relationships are more effective in controlling and regulating the behaviour of the subordinates. Effective leadership uses these informal relationships to accomplish the enterprise goals.
6. It provides the basis of co-operations: Effective leadership increases the understanding between the subordinates and the management and promotes co-operation among them.
(OLD COURSE)
Full Marks: 80
Pass Marks: 32
1. Answer the following as directed:
a) Coordination is same with cooperation. 1 (Write True or False)
b) Write the full form of TQM. 1
c) ____ is known as the ‘father of principles of management’. (Fill in the blank) 1
d) ‘Identifying the problem’ is a basic principle of decision-making process. (Write True or False) 1
e) Give two examples of financial incentives in motivating employees. 2
f) Mention two limitations of planning. 2
2. Write short notes on (any three): 4x3=12
a) Span of management.
b) Managerial skills.
c) Systems approach of management.
d) Decision-making.
3. (a) Write a brief note on the development of management thoughts. 12
Or
(b) Discuss the importance of business management functions in the management of a large manufacturing enterprise. 12
4. (a) Briefly discuss the features of a good plan. 12
Or
(b) Discuss the meaning and process of management by objectives. 4+8=12
5. (a) What do you mean by organizing? Describe its significance. 4+8=12
Or
(b) Explain the nature and limitations of line and staff organization. 6+6=12
6. (a) Compare and contrast Maslow’s theory and Herzberg’s theory of motivation. 12
Or
(b) Explain in brief the various styles of leadership. 12
7. (a) Write an explanatory note on effective control system. 12
Or
(b) What do you mean by ‘managerial control’? Discuss its importance in business management. 4+8=12
Post a Comment
Kindly give your valuable feedback to improve this website.