POLITICAL SCIENCE (Oct’ 2016)
(317)
NIOS SENIOR SECONDARY Solved Papers
Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100
1.
According
to Karl Mark, What does Political Science study? 2
Ans.:- The
term “political economy” initially referred to the study of the material
conditions of economic production in the capitalist system. In Marxism,
political economy is the study of the means of production, specifically of
capital and how that manifests as economic activity.
2.
Why
can’t a state exist without a government? 2
Ans.:- The
general understanding of the world ‘state’ is that it describes a defined
territory where a government has legal and operational control over that
territory, with the prospect of continuing to do so.
It’s just about possible to imagine a situation in which a territory was geographically defined and had armed civilians who end masse defended it spontaneously. But once they started organising themselves and having even the simplest rules about who did what, then they’d have a government.
3.
Mention
the two major concerns of the framers of the Indian constitution. 2
Ans.:- The
following are the two major concerns of the framers of the India constitution:-
a) Zamindari
system prevailing in society and exploitation of landless farmers by these
zamindars du e to debt trap of years.
b) Land
reforms-equitable distribution of land so that peasants can get some land and
have dignified life by self sufficiency.
4.
State
any two legislative powers of the Governor of a state. 2
Ans.:- Two
legislative powers of the Governor of a state.:
1. He
is to summon the House or each House of the State Legislature, if it is a
bicameral legislature, to meet at such time and place as he deems fit. Six
months should not, however, elapse between its last sitting in one session and
the first in the next session.
2. He
may prorogue the Houses or either House and dissolve the Legislative Assembly.
5.
Illustrate
with the help of any two examples that empowerment of weaker sections of
society especially women, has been duly taken care of in local bodies. 2
Ans.: To empower women, reservation of one third of
seats through the 73rd and 74th Amendment Act, 1991, 1992
for them has been made in the Panchayats and Municipalities. There is a similar
proposal for reservation of seats for them in the Parliament and in the state
Legislatures.
6.
Identify
any two rights which make the people of India politically sovereign. 2
Ans.:- Two
rights which make the people of India politically sovereign are:-
a) Population,
which implies a considerable group of human beings living together in a
community.
b) Territory,
which is a defined portion of the earth’s surface upon which a population
permanently resides. As pointed out by Harold Laski, “ the territories of a
state are the regions over which it can exercise its sovereignty.”
7.
Explain
the conditions required to get recognised as an All India National Party by the
Election Commission.2
Ans.:- Conditions
required to get recognised as an All India National Party by the Election
Commission are:-
a)
Secure at least 6% of the valid vote
in an Assembly or a Lok Sabha General Election in any four or more states and
won at least 4 seats in a Lok Sabha General Election form any State or States.
b)
Win at least 2% of the total Lok Sabha
seats in a Lok Sabha General Election and these seats have to be qon from at
least 3 states.
c)
The party is recognized as a State
Party in at least four states.
8.
What
was the two nation theory advocated by M.A.Jinnah? 2
Ans.:- Two
Nations theory is that Hindu and Muslims are completely two different nations
from every perspective. We all Pakistanis, except some traitors who has the
support of RAW, are thankful to Mr. Jinnah that due to his efforts we got an
independent country Pakistan.
9.
Assess
the impact of the nuclear explosions by India in 1998 on the Indo-Chins ties. 2
Ans.:- China’s
perception of India as a nuclear weapons power is important not only for the
future evolution of the international nuclear regime but also for the ongoing
Sino-Indian security situation. This study shows how China’s perceptions of
India as nuclear power have shaped China’s contingency plans for a
nuclear-armed India.
10.
State
any five points of distinction between state and the society. 5
Ans.:- The following are the five points of
distinction between state and the society
1. In
point of time, society is prior to the state. The people lived in society much
before the state emerged.
2. State
is organized, society may be organized or unorganized. The primitive society
was unorganized, but the state is always organized.
3. Society
exercises authority largely through customs and persuasion. The state exercise
authority through laws and coercion.
4. State
is a territorial organisation while a society does not occupy any definite
territory. A society may extend to the whole world. It may be international
like the Red Cross Society.
5. A
society embraces the whole life of man and all those ties which bind men
together. But the state is concerned only with those social relationships that
express themselves through government.
11.
Evaluate
liberalism as a theory of reforms in social, economic and political fields. 5
Ans.:- In the United States, current political usage
of the term social liberalism describes progressivism or cultural liberalism as
opposed to social conservatism or cultural conservatism. A social liberal in
this sense may hold either more interventionist or liberal views on fiscal
policy.
Economic
liberalism is an economic system organized on individual lines, meaning that
the greatest possible number of economic decisions are made by individuals or
households rather than by collective institutions or organizations. Although
economic liberals can also be supportive of government regulation to a certain
degree, they tend to oppose government intervention in the free market when it
inhibits free trade and open competition.
12.
Describe
the Fundamental Right to Freedom of Religion. 5
Ans.:-
Right to Freedom- The articles 19,20,21A and 22 contain the provisions of the
right to freedom. As per 19, the following six freedoms are guaranteed to every
person of the country:
1. Freedom
of speech and expression:- Every person has freedom of speech and expression.
However, the state can inflict a restriction on this freedom in the interests
of the sovereignty and integrity of the country, for the security of the State,
friendly relations with foreign countries, public order, in relation to the
contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offense.
2. Freedom
to assemble:- Every person has the freedom to assemble peacefully without arms.
However, the State can leave restrictions in the interest of public order and
the sovereignty and integrity of the country.
3. Freedom
to form associations or unions or co-operative societies:- The State can
enforce restrictions on such freedom in
the interest of public order, morality and the sovereignty and integrity of the
country.
4. Freedom
to move freely:- An Indian citizen has the freedom to move freely throughout
the territory of India. But the government can impose restrictions on this right
only in the interest of the general public.
5. Freedom
to reside and settle:- Citizens of India have the freedom to reside anywhere in
the country. However, in the interest of the general public or for the
protection of the scheduled tribes the State may impose certain restrictions.
6. Freedom
to practice any profession or to carry on any business, occupation or trade:-
Every person can carry any business or practice any profession provided it is
not dangerous or immoral. Also, professional or technical qualifications must
be acquired before practicing any profession or carrying on any trade.
13.
Explain
the composition of the state Legislature in India. Which states in India have a
Bicameral Legislature?5
Ans.:- The
Legislative Council should be constituted in the following manner:-
1. One-third
of the members are to be elected by the members of carious local bodies, such
as Municipalities and District Boards.
2. One-twelfth
of the members are to be elected by university graduates living in the state.
These graduates must have at least three-year standing.
3. One-twelfth
of the members are to be elected by the teachers of educational institutions
not lower in standard than that of secondary schools.
4. One-third
of the members are to be elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly
from among persons who are not he members of the Legislative Assembly.
5. The
rest of the members (about one sixth of the total membership) are to be
nominated by the Governor from among persons having special knowledge and
experience in the fields of art, literature, science, social service,
cooperative movement etc.
14.
Justify
that the policy of reservation in India is an instance of protective
discrimination.5
Ans.:- The
Indian society has always been a caste-ridden, stratified hierarchical society
and a certain segment of the society has always been affected by the inequalities.
According
to the Indian Constitution, Protective discrimination is the policy of granting
special privileges to the downtrodden and the underprivileged sections of
society, especially women. They are supportive action programs in regions like
India and the United States where there has been a history of racial and caste
discrimination, especially in India as it has been included in the constitution
and is institutionalized.
Specific
provisions for reservations like equality of opportunity in employment and
education, that are in favour of the
members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have been made in Constitution
of India.
The
primary criticism raised against the policy of reservations is that it is at
the cost of meritocracy and that it promotes mediocrity in a developing nation
like India.
This is
very common in the counselling sessions for entry into an educational
institution where a merit student might lose a seat to a mediocre reservation
student.
15.
In
your opinion, which five measures should be given top priority to check environmental
pollution.5
Ans.:- Some
of the effective and practical control measures for minimizing environmental
pollution are outlined below:
1. Reducing
the use of personal vehicles and using mass transportation facilities.
2. Using
battery operated vehicles and using sustainable energy.
3. Harnessing
solar energy and preventing use of coal and non renewable resources.
4. Following
water efficient theories and water harvesting philosophy.
5. Reduce
reuse substitute technology implementation.
16.
Describe
the changes that took place in the views about Human Rights after the Second
World War.5
Ans.:-
According to the classical international law, the individual as an object had
no rights and duties. However, the relationship between the individual and the
society has undergone changes over the recent years. Since the western view on
human rights has prevailed in contemporary international society for a long time and can
be traced back to medieval Europe, it seems appropriate to consider it as a
historic point of departure for investigating that relationship.
With the
emergence of despotic regimes towards the close of the middle ages, the
struggle for human rights commenced. This
struggle led to the great political revolutions of the late seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries...
Those
facets of human rights that had, then, been encroached upon were formulated
into declarations and bills of rights and written subsequently in national
constitutions.
During the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the commercial activities of certain
European states were expanded, and the need for protecting groups of nationals
was deeply felt by these states. They satisfied the exigency by including
specific clauses in their treaties with some non European states.
17.
How
has India contributed to the United nations significantly on disarmament? 8
Ans.:- India was among the original members of the
United Nations that signed the Declaration by United Nations at Washington,
D.C. on 1944 October and also participated in the United Nations Conference on
International Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a
founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and
principles of the UN and has made significant contributions in implementing the
goals of the Charter, and the evolution of the UN’s specialised programmes and
agencies.
India has
been a member of the UN Security Council for seven terms (a total of 14 years),
India is a member of G4, group of nations who back each other in seeking a
permanent seat on the Security Council and advocate in favour of the
reformation of the UNSC. India is also part of the G-77.
India is a
charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of its specialised
agencies and organizations. India has contributed troops to United Nations
peacekeeping efforts in Korea, the Congo in its earlier years and in Somalia,
Angola, Haiti, Liberis, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently
in the South Sudan conflict.
(OR)
Highlight the new opportunities that came up after the cold war to
bring India and the U.S. closer to each other.8
Ans.:- So
far as the debate in Lok Sabha on the Indo- US agreement, on nuclear energy,
the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh says that recent time, India’s impressive
economic development rate has made the country and alternative partner for a
number of countries concerning USA. International politics largely in terms of
military energy are fearful of the growing closeness between India and USA. The
growing closeness of interest between the USA and India creates a welfare for
India. At the recent phase of global hegemony, India has needed a good
partnership with the USA. Dr. Manmohan Sing believes that it is in the welfare
of our country to have a good and pivotal relation with all the major
countries, but interest on the relationship with USA. Hence, he advocate a
strategy that would allowed India to take opportunity of US hegemony and the
mutual relations to set up the best possible for itself. The highlighting
factors shows the Indo-US relationship and its importance.
(a) 15%
of all high-tech starts up are by Indo- Americans.
(b) The
USA absorbs about 65% of India’s total exports in the software sectors.
(c) 35%
of the technical staff of doing is estimated to be of India.
18.
Explain
the role played by Supreme Court of India as a custodian of civil liberties and
protector of Fundamental Rights. 2+6=8
Ans.:- The
protection of individual liberties follows the notion of democracy as a natural
corollary. This entails the espousal of a methodical configuration of laws by which society might be regulated
and different conflicting interests can be harmonized to the fullest extent.
Protector
of Fundamental Rights:-
Fundamental
Rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual, moral and
spiritual development of individuals. As these rights are fundamental or
essential for existence and all-round development of individuals, hence called
as ‘Fundamental’ Rights. There are six fundamental rights recognised by the
Indian constitution:-
1. The
right to equality includes equality before the law, the prohibition of
discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth,
equality of opportunity in matters of employment, the abolition of
untouchability and abolition of titles.
2. The
right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression, assembly,
association or union or cooperatives, movement, residence, and right to
practice any profession or occupation.
3. The
right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour, child labour
and trafficking of human beings.
4. The
right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free
profession, practice, and propagation of religion, freedom to manage religious
affairs, freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in
certain educational institutes.
5. Cultural
and educational rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to
conserve their culture, language or script, and right of minorities to
establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
6. The
right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental
rights. The right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the right to
freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens.
(OR)
Explain the financial and judicial powers of the president of
India. 4+4=8
Ans.:- Financial
Powers:-
a. A
money bill can be introduced in the parliament only with the president’s
recommendation.
b. The
president lays the Annual Financial Statement, i.e. the union budget, before
the parliament.
c. The
president can take advances out of the Contingency Fund of India to meet
unforeseen expenses.
d. The
president constitutes a Finance commission after every five years to recommend
the distribution of the taxes between the centre and the states.
Judicial powers :-
The
primary duty of the president is to preserve, protect and defend the
constitution and the law of India per Article 60. The president appoints the
chief Justice of India and other judges on the advice of the chief justice. He
dismisses the judges if and only if the two Houses of the parliament pass
resolutions to that effect by a two-thirds majority of the members present.
19.
Analyse
the circumstances under which the National Emergency can be imposed by the
President of India. What provisions have been made in the constitution of
effectively use it and to check its abuse if need be?3+3+2=8
Ans.:- President of India, when he/she
perceives grave threats to the nation from internal and external sources or
from financial situations of crises. Under the advice of the cabinet of ministers
and using the powers vested in him/her largely by part XVIII of the
Constitution of India, the president can overrule many provisions of the
constitution, which guarantee fundamental rights to the citizens of India and
acts governing devolution of powers to the states which form the federation. Emergency
provision falls within the Article 352 to Article 360 of the Indian
Constitution.
National
emergency (Article 352)
State
emergency (Article 356)
Financial
emergency (Article 360)
1. National
Emergency:- The provision for National Emergency is provided for under the
Article 352 of the Constitution. The national emergency deals with
constitutional provisions to be applied, whenever there is an extraordinary
situation that may threaten the peace, security, stability and governance of
the country or a part thereof.
2. State
Emergency:- It is the duty of the Union Government to ensure that governance of
a state is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.
Under Article 356, the president may issue a proclamation to impose emergency
in a state if he is satisfied on receipt of a report from the Governor of the
state, or otherwise, that a situation has arisen under which the Government of
the state cannot be carried on smoothly. In such a situation, ‘proclamation of
emergency by the President is called proclamation on account of the failure of constitutional
machinery’. In popular language it is called the President’s Rule.
3. Financial
Emergency:- The third type of Emergency is Financial Emergency provided under
Article 360. It provides that if the President is satisfied that the financial
stability or credit of India or any of its part is in danger, he may declare a
state of Financial Emergency. Under such situation, the executive and
legislative powers will go to the centre. Like the other two types of
emergencies, it has also to be approved by the Parliament. It must be approved
by both Houses of Parliament within two months. Financial Emergency can operate
as long as the situation demands and may be revoked by a subsequent
proclamation.
(OR)
Examine any four salient features of Indian constitution that
make, India a federation. 8
Ans.:- The
salient features of the Constitution of India can be discussed as follows:-
(1)
Written
and Detailed Constitution:- The
Constitution is a wholly written document which incorporates the constitutional
law of India. It was fully debated and duly enacted by the Constitution
Assembly of India. It took the Assembly 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to write
and enact the Constitution. Indian Constitution is a very detailed
constitution. It consists of 395 Articles divided into 22 parts with 12
Schedules and 94 constitutional amendments. It is a constitution of both the
centre and states of Indian Union It is indeed much bigger than the US
Constitution which has only 7 Articles and the French Constitution with its 89
Articles.
(2)
Self-made
and Enacted Constitution:- Indian Constitution is a constitution made by
the people of India acting through their duly elected and representative
body-the constituent Assembly that was organised in December 1946. Its first
session was held on 9th December, 1946. It passed the Objectives
Resolution on 22 January, 1947.
(3)
Preamble
of the constitution:- The
Preamble to the Constitution of India is a well drafted document which states
the philosophy of the constitution. It declares India to be a Sovereign
Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and a welfare state committed to secure
justice, liberty and equality for the people and for promoting fraternity,
dignity the individual, and unity and integrity of the nation. The preamble is
the key to the constitution. It states in nutshell the nature of Indian state
and the objectives it is committed to secure for the people.
(4)
India
is a Democratic Socialist State:- Although, right from the beginning the
Indian Constitution fully reflected the spirit of democratic socialism, it was
only in 1976 that the Preamble was amended to include the term ‘Socialism’. It
is now regarded as a prime feature of Indian state. India is committed to
secure social, economic and political justice for its entire people by ending
all forms of exploitation and by securing equitable distribution of income,
resources and wealth. This is to be secured by peaceful, constitutional and
democratic means.
20.
Assess
the role played by the press, television, public meeting and political parties
in the formation of public opinion. 4x2=8
Ans.: The
Agencies which help to formulate public opinion are:
(a)
Radio
and Television:- Radio and television is a form of
electronic media. It acts as a mirror of social life. The electronic media
plays and important role in collecting the information and thoughts of the
uneducated people also. Electronic media is used to educate the masses on
certain issues like casteism, communalism violence etc., with the help of radio
and television people can communicate their feelings and opinion towards
various government policies and programmes.
(b)
Press:-
Press or the print media consists of newspapers periodicals,
pamphlets, journals leaflets. They supply the news regarding on political and
social happenings all over the world Express their views or criticism or
support in the form article or comments through press.
(c)
Public
Meetings:- Public meetings are the effective ways of
moulding public opinion for different activities like social, culture,
intellectual and political. Public issues and are able to collect very large
crowd from lectures, seminars, symposia, workshops and conferences.
(d)
Political
Parties:- Political parties can also be called as the
agent of political education. This informs the public about the activities, failures
and errors of the government.
(OR)
Analyse any four factors responsible for the growth of regionalism
in India. 8
Ans.:-
Some of the most important causes of regionalism in India are as follows:-
(i)
Geographical
Factor:- The territorial orientation based on
geographical boundaries relate to the inhabitants of a particular region which
are symbolic, at least in the Indian context. This is more so because of the
linguistic distribution along geographical boundaries. The topographic and
climatic variations along with differences in the settlement pattern induce in
people the concept of regionalism.
(ii)
Historical
and Cultural Factors:- In Indian scenario the historical or
cultural factors may be considered the prime components of the phenomenon of
regionalism. The historical and cultural components interpret regionalism by
way of cultural heritage, folklore, myths, symbolism and historical traditions.
People of a particular cultural group also derive inspirations from the noble
deeds and glorious achievements of the local heroes. Nevertheless there are
sudden political and economic realities which can be covered under the gamut of
historical and cultural factors.
(iii) Cast and Region:- Caste
system and religion in Indian society play only a marginal roll in causing
regionalism. Only when caste is combined with linguistic preponderance or
religion it may cause regional feeling. In the like manner religion is not so
significant except when it is combined with linguistic homogeneity or based on
dogmatism and orthodoxy or lined with economic deprivation. However,
regionalism is usually a secular phenomenon in a relative sense and it can
cross-cut the caste affiliation or religious loyalties.
(iv) Economic Factors:- In
the present times, uneven developments in different parts of the country may be
construed as the prime reason for regionalism and separatism. There are certain
regions in the country where industries and factories have been concentrated,
educational and health facilities are sufficiently provided, communication net
work has been developed, rapid agricultural development has been made possible.
But there are also certain areas where the worth of independence is yet to be
realized in terms of socio-economic development.
SECTION-B
OPTION-I
21.
Why
are the World Bank and the IMF are under severe criticism? 2
Ans.:- The
World Bank has been criticized because of a perceived conflict between their
stated goals and their actual goals.
IMF is
under criticism because the IMF deal with economic crises, whatever policy they
offer, there are likely to be difficulties. It is not possible to deal with a
balance of payments without some painful readjustment.
22.
How
does the United Nations act as a mediator between the warring nations? 5
Ans.:- The
United Nations must be “bold and creative” in harnessing the avenues and
capacities available for mediation, Secretary-General Antonio Guterres told the
Security Council today in an open debate on the topic.
“we must
make prevention our priority,” he said, by investing in mediation, peace building
and sustainable development. The United Nations has various resources it
deploys, including the Standby Team of Senior Mediation Advisers, whose members
are providing guidance in the Central African Republic on transitional justice
and assisting in the design of a mediation process in
23.
What
is meant by World Order? Mention the set of three rules and principles which
are commonly accepted and respected by governments to create World Order.
2+6=8
Ans.:- Analytically,
world order refers to the arrangement of power and authority that provides the
framework for the conduct of diplomacy and world politics on a global scale.
The three
principles are:-
1. Supremacy
of Law:- The rule of law requires both citizens and governments to be subject
to known and standing laws. The supremacy of law also requires generality in
the law. This principle is a further development of the principle of equality
before the law. Laws should not be made in respect of particular persons. As
Dicey postulated, the rule of the law presupposes the absence of wide
discretionary authority in the rulers, so that they cannot make their own laws
but must govern according to the established laws. Those laws ought not to be
too easily changeable. Sable laws are a prerequisite of the certainty and
confidence which form an essential part of individual freedom and security.
Therefore, laws ought to be rooted in moral principles, which cannot be
achieved if they are framed in too detailed a manner.
2. Equality
before Law:- The second principle emphasize
everyone, including the government, irrespective of rank, shall be subject to
the same law and courts. This element is interpreted to be misguided and facing
bundle of criticisms. In fact, by reason of maintaining the law and order in
the society, three are actually exceptions such as the Crown, Police, Members
of Parliament. The Crown may exercise prerogative powers which may defeat the rights of
individuals. The police have powers over and above the citizen. Members of
Parliament have immunity from the law of defamation.
3. Predominance
of Legal Spirit:- The Third meaning of the rule of law is that the general
principles of the constitution are the result of juridical decisions
determining file rights of private persons in particular cases brought before
the Court.
(OR)
Describe the need for restructuring the United Nations. 8
Ans.:- The global politics has undergone a drastic
change ever since the inception of the United Nations. Over the years, there
have been a lot of discussions and deliberations on reforming the UN Security
Council.
a. The
UN Security Council, as argued, doesn’t represent the contemporary global
realities and needs to be more representative in nature. The USSR has collapsed
and US has emerged as the supreme leader, while India and China are emerging as
the global players and potential economic powers. Many new countries have
become members of the UN. Thus exigencies of the present demand restructuring
of United Nations.
b. Security
Council, in its present form, reflects western values and beliefs’ therefore,
it is important to have representation from the Asian societies to make it
universal in character.
c. It
lacks equitable representation as it represents the interests of the western
developed countries more than those of the developing countries ‘ therefore,
there is a need to expand its membership.
d. Countries
like India , Japan and Brazil are seeding permanent membership in the SC. There
must also be representation from Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean.
e. Also,
there have been suggestions on scrapping the veto power which is an exclusive
privilege enjoyed by the permanent members. It is argued that the veto power is
the most undemocratic instrument that creates differences between the members
of the UN. It has allowed the world powers to wield more authority and power.
Abolishing the veto will be a step towards a fair and equitable representation
of all the nation states.
f.
The voting procedure and rules of the
Security Council must also undergo a change. The decisions must be taken by
majority of the permanent members as well as the non-permanent members.
Presently, a negative vote by any of the permanent members can stall the entire
proceedings.
SECTION-B
OPTION-II
21. what
makes the role of the central Vigilance Commission (CVC) limited? 2
Ans.:-
Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is an apex Indian governmental body created
in 1964 to address governmental corruption, monitoring all vigilance under the
central government, and advising various authorities in central government
organization in planning, executing, reviewing their vigilance work.
22. Highlight the significance of a constitutional status for the
union. Public service Commission. Explain
any three of its advisory functions. 5
Ans.:- The
constitutional status is intended to ensure the Commission to function without
fear or favour. This can be facilitated when its composition, role and
authority, privilege of its members, method of appointment and removal of members,
qualifications for appointment and ground for removal etc., are
constitutionally protected.
The
functions of the UPSC as described in the Constitution are:-
(i) To
advise the government on all matters relating to the methods of recruitment and
norms to be followed in making appointments to civil services either directly
or by promotion.
(ii) To
advise on the suitability of candidates for appointment, promotion and
transfer.
(iii) To
conduct examinations for appointment to All India services.
23. Describe the role and functions of the District Collector
related to development and coordination.4+4=8
Ans.:- Development Functions:- District
Collector has become a pivotal figure in the implementation of development
programmes. In many states, he is also designated as the District Development
Officer. He is made many responsible for both regulatory and development administration.
The great influence that the collector wields in the district should be
harnessed to the task of development. His development role has become a focal
point after the initiation of development planning in India. Several programmes
for the welfare and benefit of the down-trodden have been started by the
government. Rural development programmes aimed at eradicating poverty and
improving the living standards of the poor have gained significance after
1970s.
Co-ordinator:- Formerly, the district collector used
to be the coordinating agency in overall charge of every important official
activity in the district. After independence, several departments of technical
nature were setup. For example public health, public words, agriculture,
irrigation, education and cooperation. These are headed by specialists and are
not under the supervision of the collector. These have their own programmes of
development which they conduct on their own without the interference of the
collector. This has to some extent, weakened the collectors role as a
coordinating agency. In spite of this , the entire team in a district has to
work with a sense of dedication in the same manner as a soldier on the battle
front. The district officer is still the commander who has to organize and
coordinate the different departments and achieve the target which must be
clearly laid down.
(OR)
Describe the major sources of stress for the bureaucracy in India.
Suggest any two measures to reduce this stress.8
Ans.:- There
are five major problems with bureaucracies: red tape, conflict, duplication,
imperialism, and waste.
1. Red
tape is the existence of complex rules and procedures that must be followed to
get something done. Any large organization must have some way of ensuring that
one part of the organization does not operate out of step with another.
2. Conflict
exists when some agencies work at cross-purposes with other agencies. The
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service pays farmers to grow fewer
crops.
3. Duplication
occurs when two government agencies seem to be doing the same thing, such as
when the Customs Service and the Drug Enforcement Administration both attempt
to intercept illegally smuggled drugs.
4. Imperialism
refers to the tendency of agencies to grow without regard to the benefits their
programs confer or the costs they entail.
5. Waste
occurs when an agency spends more than is necessary to buy some product or
service.
Two measures to reduce this stress are:-
1. Eliminate
some excessive bureaucracy by reducing the hierarchy of the organizational
structure. An organization with a number of layers between top management and
front-line employees can slow communications and the flow of information and
increase the number of “hands” an issue must pass through before being
resolved. The flat organization structure is less encumbered by authority, with
fewer managers required to review work.
2. Encourage
an increased value for customer- orientation among employees. Bureaucratization
can lead to depersonalization because an employee’s job title defines and
limits her authority and responsibility with set rules and procedures for every
contingency. The more customer-oriented a bureaucracy becomes, the more its
corporate culture evolves into one that focuses on meeting customer needs and
wants and less on the specific role of the individual worker.
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