2015
POLITICAL
SCIENCE
Full Marks – 100
Pass
Marks - 30
Time:
3 hours
The
figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions
PART – A (Contemporary World Politics)
1. Answer the following: 1x6=6
a) How many member States signed the UN Charter, when
it was adopted?
Ans: - 51 members signed the United Nations
Charter when it was established.
b) When was the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty
signed?
Ans: - The Nuclear-Non-Proliferation Treaty
was signed in 1968.
c) What was the third bloc that emerged besides
the two super power blocs during the Cold War era?
Ans:- In the Cold War era, the third block was
a non-alignment movement, in addition to two super power blockers.
d)
India is a
member State of ASEAN. (Write Yes or No)
e)
Where was
the First SAARC Summit held?
Ans:- Dhaka in 1985.
f) Berlin Wall was demolished in the year 1990. (Fill in the blank)
2. Write the name of two NGOs which
are concerned with protection of Human Rights all over the world. 2
Ans:-
Human Rights watch and Amnesty International NGO’s.
3. What do you mean by greenhouse gas? 2
Ans:
- Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the emission of a harmful gas during the
period of industrialization which is believed to be causing today's global
warming and climate change.
4. Mention two reforms which Mikhail
Gorbachev initiated in the USSR. 2
Ans:
- In the USSR, two reforms initiated by President Gorbachev are Perestroika and
Glasnost.
5. Write two differences between
migrants and refugees. 2
Ans. The differences between Migrants
and Refugees are –
1) Migrants
are those who voluntarily leave their home countries. Refugees are those who
flee for war, natural disaster or political persecution.
2) Migrants
are not accepted by the state. But states are supposed to accept refugees.
6. Mention the name of two
organizations related to the process of globalization. 2
Ans:
There are two organizations associated with economic globalization - the World
Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund.
7. Write the name of the two conflicting
communities in Sri Lanka. 2
Ans:
Sinhalese and Tamil people are two conflicting communities in Sri Lanka.
8. Discuss briefly about ‘Hegemony as
Hard Power’. 4
Ans:
US military dominance is both absolute and relative. In absolute terms, there
is US military capability that can reach any point on the planet in precise,
lethal and real time. The military dominance of the US military is not only
based on high military spending, but at a qualitative endpoint, a technical
trench that currently holds no other power.
9. Write briefly about global poverty.
4
Ans:
Global poverty is a traditional threat to security. Inequality between rich and
poor countries is increasing. Poverty is the main factor of increasing
population growth in third world countries. Global poverty has created some
complex problems, such as illiteracy, development under the nutritional gap
between rich and poor, etc.
10. Point out the reasons which led
the people of East Pakistan for a liberation movement. 4
Ans:
- After Pakistan formulated its first constitution, General Ayub Khan took over
the administration of the country. He had to leave his post where there was
popular discontent against his rule. It again made a military takeover under
General Yahya Khan. During Yahya's military rule, Pakistan faced the Bangladesh
crisis and after the war with India in 1971, East Pakistan broke away to emerge
as an independent country called Bangladesh. Subsequently, an elected
government under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto remained in power in Pakistan from 1971 to
1977.
11. Name four architects of
Non-Aligned Movement. 4
Ans:
- The architects of the Non-Aligned Movement were Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru,
Ahmed Sukarno, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Kwame Nakuma.
12. Write two arguments in favour of
and two arguments against globalization. 2+2=4
Ans:
- Against globalization and in favour of the argument:
(a) International trade keeps prices low and
high quality. In the past, no country has ever tried to be self-sufficient and
has no stake in global markets, they find that their businesses become
inefficient due to lack of competition, price increases, lack of innovation in
their products, and They end with hyper calcification.
(b) Globalization can bring wealth to some of
the world's poor. For example, a few decades ago most of Southeast Asia was
very poor; Many of these countries have experienced double-digit annual growth
due to globalization and international trade and many of those people were now
better than their parents' generation.
(a) Globalization has led to greater
inequality in wealth within many countries. In South-East Asia, people in those
countries had experienced a lot of growth over the past few decades, but were
not experienced equally by all of their people.
(a) The thing that essentially creates a large
global market poses some danger. Previously, if a nation made financial
mistakes and their markets collapsed, it would have little impact on the rest
of the world.
13. Discuss critically about resource
geopolitics. 6
Ans:
Resource geopolitics is all about who gets what, when, where and how. Resources
have provided some of the major means and objectives of global European power
expansion.
Resource geopolitics are geopolitical matters
related to the allocation and distribution of natural resources among the
nation states of the global region.
There are two
resources relevant to global politics -
1) Oil.
2) Water
Or
Why
did Soviet Union disintegrate? Discuss three reasons. 2+2+2=6
Ans. The following points are analyzed
by experts as the prime causes responsible for breakdown of Soviet Union.
a) Defective Leadership: The most
important cause for the disintegration of Soviet Union lies in the defective
leadership. The leader of the party was considered to be the leader of the
government and the state or country. The leaders were busy with their luxurious
lifestyle and corruption. The poor leadership and effort to improve their rule
became a cause for the disintegration of Soviet Union.
b) Reformative policies of Gorbachev: the
reformative policies of Mikhayl Gorbachev were also responsible for the
disintegration of Soviet Union. He without preparing an environment of freedom,
equality, nationality, economic self dependence and unity implemented the
policies of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring).
c) Economic stagnation: The Soviet
Union maintained a huge nuclear and military arsenal which was used to develop
and maintain its satellite states in Eastern Europe and its Soviet Republics
particularly the five Central Republics. It led to a huge burden on its economy
and resources. People of Soviet Union could not advance as rapidly as their
Western adversaries.
14. Discuss the rise of China as an
economic power. 6
Ans:
- China followed its path in starting market economy to end stagnation. The
Chinese did not go for "shock therapy" in their policy, but opened up
their economy step by step. In 1982, agriculture was privatized, in 1998 by
industry. Trade barriers were then eliminated only in Special Economic Zones
(SEZs), where foreign investors could establish ventures. In China, the state
played and continues to play a central role in establishing a market economy.
New economic policies helped break the impasse
of the Chinese economy. Privatization of agriculture led to a significant
increase in agricultural production and rural income.
Or
Discuss
the role of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) during the Cold War era. Do you think
that NAM is still relevant in post-Cold War era? Justify your answer. 4+2=6
Ans:
- The salient features of the policy of non-alignment adopted by India in early
times were as follows:
(i) India tried to stay away from the power
politics of the two blocks out of fear that it could lead to large scale
disaster. Instead, India tried to follow a policy of peaceful co-existence,
cooperation and friendship.
(ii) The policy of non-alignment was not based
on the principle of isolationism or inaction. On the contrary, it was a
positive policy designed to promote national security and international peace.
(iii) The policy of non-alignment sought to
promote peace and emphasized the peaceful resolution of disputes by states.
(iv) India opposed military and security
alliances and refused to join these alliances because it restricted the
independence of the country to act independently. Furthermore, these alliances
created hatred and mistrust in the international arena and posed a serious
threat to world peace.
The Non-Aligned Movement started in 1961. The
world was divided into two hostile segments. Capitalist bloc led by America and
Communist bloc led by Russia (then USSR). Both these blocks were engaged in a
cold war. Non-aligned countries adopted the policy of non-alignment i.e.
opposed to politics based on groupism. The main objective of non-alignment was
to maintain distance from both the factions. But now the world is unipolar
after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in various 15 independent states.
PART – B (Politics in India since
Independence)
15. Answer the following: 1x6=6
a) Who was the first Chief Election Commissioner
of India?
Ans: - The first Chief Election Commissioner
was Mr. Sukumar Sen.
b) Name the agreement which was signed by Indira
Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1972.
Ans:- Shimla Agreement was signed by Indira
Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1972.
c)
The
Anti-Arrack Movement is considered as a women’s movement. (Write True or False)
d)
Name the
first Home Minister of independent India.
Ans:- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the first
Home Minister of independent India.
e)
Telengana
becomes the 29th State of
India. (Fill in the blank)
f) Write any
one recommendation of Mandal Commission.
Ans: - The Mandal Commission recommended that
the backward classes should be equated with the "backward caste".
16. Mention two points of tension in
India’s relations with Pakistan. 2
Ans:
- (i) Kashmir is the main issue of the current tension between India and
Pakistan.
(ii) Another cause of tension in the relations
between India and Pakistan is terrorism.
17. Mention two main features of New
Economic Policy in India. 2
Ans:
- Two main features of the new economic policy:
(a) Six industries were placed under
distribution only licensing scheme.
(b) Entry into the private sector. The role of
the public sector was limited to only four industries; All other industries
were also opened to the private sector.
18. Write two consequences of
emergency of 1975. 2
Ans:
Following are the consequences of emergency -
a) Violation of
Rights: During an
emergency, the government has the power to prevent or restrict any fundamental
right included in the Indian Constitution.
b) Use of
preventive detention: The
government made extensive use of preventive detention laws during the
emergency. Under this provision, people are arrested and detained not because
they have committed a crime, but out of fear that they may commit a crime.
19. Mention two causes for growing
importance of regional political parties in India. 2
Ans:-The
rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative
democracies. As we have seen, large societies need representative democracy. As
societies grew larger and more complex, they also required some agency to
collect different views on various issues and present them to the government.
They needed a mechanism to support or curb the government, formulate policies,
justify or oppose them. Political parties meet these needs which every
representative government has.
20. Write any two objectives of
planning in India. 2
Ans:
- Planning has two objectives.
(a) To make the economy self-sufficient and
dependent.
(b) To achieve distributional justice, which
means to achieve a just society with development for all the people of the
society.
21. Which two Articles of the
Constitution of India give more autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir?
1+1=2
Ans:- Article
370 of the Indian Constitution gives greater autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir.
22. What was the electoral verdict of
the Fourth General Election of 1967? Discuss. 4
Answer:
- The election decision of the fourth election of 1967 gave a shock to the
Congress party. In the fourth general election held in February 1967, the
Congress Party was facing voters for the first time without Nehru. The Congress
managed to win a majority in the Lok Sabha, but with its lowest number of seats
and vote share. Since 1952, half the ministers in India's cabinet were
defeated. The political heavyweights who lost in their constituencies were
Kamaraj in Tamil Nadu. Patil in Maharashtra, Incredible Ghosh in West Bengal
and K.B. Sahai in Bihar. Congress lost by a majority in seven states. Paws
prevented it from forming government in two other states.
23. Discuss briefly the two challenges
that India had to face immediately after independence. 2+2=4
Ans:-
Soon after independence, there were many challenges or problems in independent
India that needed to be resolved.
The challenges
are as follows -
a) For the size of the nation: The first and
foremost challenge was political integration and unification of the region.
India is a country of continental size and diversity. About 600 states were of
varying sizes and populations. Partition of the country appeared to prove the
worst fear of all. So there was a serious question about the future of India,
that is, the Indian will survive as a unified country.
b) To establish a democratic form of
government: The second challenge was to establish a democratic form of
government. Democracy in action according to constitutional norms. This means
that India will have representative democracy based on the parliamentary form
of government.
24. Write briefly about the conflict
between judiciary and executive in India during the Prime Minister ship of
Indira Gandhi. 4
Ans: It was the time before the
declaration of emergency when there were many differences between the
government and the ruling party with the judiciary. Three constitutional issues
arose, causing tension between the judiciary, the legislature (parliament) and
the executive.
1)
First, can Parliament violate fundamental rights? The Supreme Court said that
this cannot be done.
2)
Secondly, can the President remove the curtain on the right to property? Then,
the court held that Parliament cannot amend the constitution in such a way that
rights and veils are inserted.
25. Mention any four regional
political parties of India. 4
Ans:
- Four regional political parties of India:
(a) Asom Gana Parishad
(b) Akali Dal
(c) Telugu Desam
(d) D. M. K.
26. Do you think that social movement
is important in India? Justify your answer. 4
Ans:
Social movements are directed towards the attainment of specific goals. Such
movements are organized in opposition to some change of government or some
wrong policy. It often arises with the aim of bringing about change on a public
issue. Most social movements emerged as a corrective to new social distortions
such as environmental degradation, violation of the status of women of tribal
cultures, and human rights violations.
27. Explain any three main outcomes of
Lok Sabha election of 1977. 2+2+2=6
Ans:
- The main results of the 19th Lok Sabha election are:
(i) In 1977, Congress did not come to power
for the first time after independence. The reason for this is that the entire
opposition received equal opposition in the Congress and its leader Indira
Gandhi.
(ii) In the election, the Janata Party fought
for the misrule of the Congress. It was a referendum. Public opinion was
against the Congress due to public detention and press censorship.
(iii) Congress (I), Bharatiya Jana Sangh
(BJS), Bharatiya Lok Dal, Samajwadi Party and Jagjivan Ram led JP movement, a
party led by dissidents or Janata Party.
Or
Explain
the Congress dominance in the first three general elections. 6
Ans:
- The Indian National Congress had unique political achievements. The Congress
dominated the Indian political scene from 1947 to 1967.
The factors
responsible for its dominance are:
(i) Legacy of
national struggle:
The Congress party got a large and rich legacy from the nationalist struggle.
This brought political harmony in his goodwill. Party leaders such as Nehru and
Shastri were popular for spending years in jail and deprived others. The legacy
of the nationalist movement helped create harmony and unity in view of the
party's internal plurality.
(ii) Grassroots
Organization:
Congress was the only grassroots organization that existed at the time of its
existence. Its federal structure had the basis of internal democracy. This
helped resolve internal fights and cement party reconciliation. Internal party
elections served as a means to legitimize party leadership and to train party
workers in the skills of political leadership.
(iii) Adjustment
to local conditions:
Congress was dominating by being competent in local conditions. The nobility
fully descended to power within the Congress. The electoral gains of the party
and the Congress in internal democracy helped the Congress adjust to changes in
the local balance of power.
(iv) Limited role
of opposition: From
1947 to 1967 we see very limited role by opposition political parties. There
were several reasons that the opposition could not unite against the Congress.
Internal differences within the socialist fold, reservation of CPI, presence of
dynamic leaders like Nehru in Congress, inability to unify opposition and
absence of widely accepted leader were some of the main reasons for providing
collective leadership.
(v) Limited Role
of Opposition:
We see very limited role by opposition political parties from 19 Limited to 19
Limited. There were several reasons that the opposition could not unite against
the Congress. Internal differences within the socialist fold, reservation of
CPI, presence of dynamic leaders like Nehru in Congress, inability to unify
opposition and absence of widely accepted leader were some of the main reasons
for providing collective leadership.
(vi) Management: Congress had strong managerial
skills. It can easily deal with differences that have cropped up within various
factions of the Congress party. Rivalries and differences were dealt with with
great technique and patience.
28. Discuss the two controversies
related to planning in India at the beginning. 3+3=6
Ans:
- Development strategy in the early years gave rise to two big controversies.
These included-
(a) Agriculture
vs. Industry: There
was a lot of debate among the planners as to which of the two was to be given
priority in planning the agricultural industry. Many scholars thought that the
Second Five-Year Plan had done more harm to the suffering industry in
agriculture and rural India. An eminent Gandhian j. C. Kumarappa provided an
alternative blueprint that could bring India on the path of rural
industrialization. Congress leader and later Bharatiya Lok Dal leader Chaudhary
Charan Singh stressed the need to make agriculture the backbone of the economy.
Mr. Singh thought that planning led to prosperity and industrialization in
rural areas to urban areas. There were others who believed that poverty could
not be eliminated without industrialization. The state enacted laws to
implement land reforms and distribute resources among the poor in the villages.
Large funds were looted for proposals and irrigation projects on the community.
However, all these policies failed because they were never implemented. This
was because the zamindar classes had social and political power. Furthermore,
this class argued that even if the government spends a large amount on
agriculture, the problem of major poverty will not be solved.
(b) Public vs
Private Sector: India
adopted a mixed model of economy. The adoption of a mixed economy was subject
to criticism from both left and right. Critics say that the private sector was
not given enough space and incentive for development. The active, increased
role for the public sector created powerful vested interests that created
barriers to private capital using license permit monarchy and permits for
investment. In addition, the state's policy of restricting the good produced by
the private sector in the domestic market left the private sector with no
incentives and competitions to improve its goods. This led to inefficiency and
corruption. In addition, critics point out that the state has not spent enough
on public health and education. The intervention of the state was only in those
areas where the private sector did not interfere. Thus, the state helped the
private sector benefit. No help was given to the poor and a new middle class
was created due to the intervention of the state. This class enjoyed power and
privileges without much accountability. Furthermore, even though the proportion
of the poor decreased, their number continued to increase.
Or
Discuss
about India’s changing relations with Pakistan. 6
Ans: Since the birth of Pakistan in
1947, relations between India and Pakistan have never been cordial. Partition
and problems arising from the country affected the relationship between the two
states. Relations between India and Pakistan remained tense due to displaced
property, constitutional location of Indian states, demarcation of borders and
frequent clashes over the disputes of Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir. There
were two wars between the two countries on Kashmir issue first in 1948 and then
in 1965.
In
1971, India and Pakistan fought another war on the Bangladesh issue. Also on
the use of Indus water, a canal water dispute arose between the two countries.
The long-running dispute over the sharing of river water was resolved through
mediation by the World Bank. The Indo-Pakistan Indus Water Treaty was signed by
Nehru and General Ayub Khan in 1960.
***
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