Business Studies Solved Question Paper 2026 [AHSEC Class 12 Business Studies Solved Question Papers]

ALLOTMENT OF MARKS

Q. No. 1 carries 1 mark each    : 1×6 = 6
Q. No. 2 carries 2 marks each   : 2×4 = 8
Q. No. 3 carries 3 marks each   : 3×4 = 12
Q. No. 4 carries 5 marks each   : 5×6 = 30
Q. No. 5 carries 8 marks each   : 8×3 = 24

Total = 80

1. Answer any six from the following questions: 1×6=6

(a) Write one technique of scientific management.

Ans: Work study is the detailed analysis of an activity with an objective to remove inefficiency and find out the best way to perform the work.

(b) Write one objective of management.

Ans: Ans: Obtaining maximum output with minimum input:  A successful management must achieve the objectives of the business by making optimum utilization of available resources effectively.

(c) Mention one characteristic of business environment.

Ans: Totality of external forces: Business environment is the sum total of all things external to business firms and, as such, is aggregative in nature.

(d) Write one importance of financial management.

Ans: Financial management helps in ensuring the regular supply of funds to the related concern.

(e) Give an example of function of financial market.

Ans: a) Mobilsation of savings: Financial market encourages savings habits amongst the individuals. It mobilizes savings of savers into most appropriate uses.

(f) Write one objective of SEBI.

Ans: a) To regulate stock exchanges and the securities industry and to promote their orderly functioning.

(g) Write one type of on-the-job training method.

Ans: Job rotation: Job rotation is an on-the-job method of training in which the employee is shifted from one job position to other for short interval of time to make him aware of requirements of all the job positions. For example, in banks the employees are shifted from one counter to other so that they learn the requirements of all the counters.                                

(h) Mention one importance of source of recruitment.

Ans: Transfer: Transfer means shifting of employees from one job to another at the same level of authority. Generally with the transfers there is no change in the rank, responsibilities and prestige. Only the place of working is changed.

2. Answer any four from the following questions: 2×4=8

(a) Mention any two features of India’s New Economic Policy, 1991.

Ans: As a part of economic reforms, the Government of India announced a new industrial policy in July 1991. The broad features of this policy were as follows:

(a)    Delicensing: The Government reduced the number of industries under compulsory licensing to six.

(b)    Disinvestment: Disinvestment was carried out in case of many public sector industrial enterprises.

(c)     Liberalisation of foreign policy: Policy towards foreign capital was liberalized. The share of foreign equity participation was increased and in many activities 100 per cent Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was permitted.

 (b) Write any two limitations of planning.

Ans: Limitations of Planning

1. Planning creates rigidity: Planning leads to rigid mode of functioning for managers. This has adverse effect on the initiative to be taken by them.

2. Planning does not guarantee success: The success of an enterprise is possible only when plans are properly drawn up implemental. Managers have a tendency to rely on previously tried and tested successful plans. But it is not always true that a plan which has worked before, will work effectively again.

(c) Mention any two importances of management.

Ans: The importance of management is:

a)       Optimum Use of Resources: Management always concentrates on optimum utilisation of resources of the enterprise. The available resources for production put to use in effective way so as to reduce wastages.

b)      Effective leadership and Motivation: In the absence of management, the working of an enterprise will become unorganised and unsystematic. Management creates teamwork and motivates employees to work harder and better by providing guidance, counseling and effective leadership.

(d) Write any two responsibilities of consumer.

Ans: Main responsibilities of consumer are given as under:        

a)       Be aware about their right: Consumer must be aware of their own rights.

b)      Quality conscious: while making purchase, consumer should look for quality certification.

(e) Mention any two importances of financial planning.

Ans: Financial Planning is required to avoid shortage or surplus of finance. It is important because:

a)      It facilitates collection of optimum funds: The financial planning estimates the precise requirement of funds which means to avoid wastage and over-capitalisation situation.

b)      Basis for financial control: Financial planning helps in setting up standard performance and thereafter it is compared with the actual performance. The deviations, if any are analysed, Causes found out and corrective action is taken.

(f) Write any two objectives of financial management.

Ans: Objectives of Financial Management

1) Profit Maximisation: It is traditionally being argued, that the objective of a company is to earn profit, hence the objective of financial management is profit maximisation. Each alternative is to be seen by the finance manager from the view point of profit maximisation. Profit maximization causes the efficient allocation of resources in competitive market condition and profit is considered as the most important measure of firm performance.

2) Wealth maximisation: The second objective of financial management is wealth maximization. The concept of wealth in the context of wealth maximization objective refers to the shareholders’ wealth as reflected by the price of their shares in the share market.

3. Answer any four from the following questions: 3×4=12

(a) Write any three importances of business environments.

Ans: Following are the Importance of Business Environment:

(a)    Determining Opportunities and Threats: The interaction between the business and its environment would identify opportunities for and threats to the business. It helps the business enterprises for meeting the challenges successfully.

(b)    Giving Direction for Growth: The interaction with the environment leads to opening up new frontiers of growth for the business firms. It enables the business to identify the areas for growth and expansion of their activities.

(c)     Continuous Learning: Environmental analysis makes the task of managers easier in dealing with business challenges. The managers are motivated to continuously update their knowledge, understanding and skills to meet the predicted changes in realm of business.

(b) Mention any three limitations of controlling.

Ans: Limitations of controlling:

(i) Difficulty in setting quantitative standards: Control system loses some of its effectiveness when standards cannot be defined in quantitative terms. Employee morale, job satisfaction and human behaviors are such areas where this problem might arise.

(ii) Little control on external factors: Generally an enterprise cannot control external factors such as government policies, technological changes, competition etc.

(iii) Resistance from employees: Control is often resisted by employees. They see it as restriction on their freedom.

(c) Write any three factors affecting the requirement of fixed-capital.

Ans: Following factors are to be considered before determining its requirement:

1.       Scale of operations: There is a direct link between the scale of business and fixed capital. Larger business needs more fixed capital as compared to the small organizations.

2.       Nature of Business: If a firm is a manufacturing fir, it requires to purchase fixed assets for the production process. It needs investment in fixed assets, so require more fixed capital. Similarly if it is a Trading firm where the finished goods are only traded i.e. purchased and sold, it needs less fixed capital.

3.       Choice of technique: The Manufacturing firm using the modern, latest technology machines has to invest more funds in the fixed assets, so they require more fixed capital. On the other hand, firms using the traditional method of production where the task is performed manually by the labourers, it requires less fixed capital.

(d) Explain three functions of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

Ans: Functions of SEBI: The SEBI performs functions to meet its objectives. To meet three objectives SEBI has three important functions. These are:

i. Protective functions                                    2018

ii. Developmental functions                        2018

iii. Regulatory functions.  2023

1. Protective Functions: These functions are performed by SEBI to protect the interest of investor and provide safety of investment.

2. Developmental Functions: These functions are performed by the SEBI to promote and develop activities in stock exchange and increase the business in stock exchange.

3. Regulatory Functions: These functions are performed by SEBI to regulate the business in stock exchange.

(e) Write any three importances of controlling.

Ans: Nature or Characteristics of Control

1)      Control is a function of management: It is, in fact, a follow-up action to the other functions of management.

2)      Control is a dynamic process: It involves continuous review of standards of performance and results in corrective action, which may lead to changes in other functions of management.

3)      Control is a continuous activity: It does not stop anywhere.

4)      Control is forward looking: It is related to future, as past cannot be controlled. It is usually preventive as the presence of control systems leads to minimize wastages, losses, and deviations from standards.

(f) Mention any three features of money market.

Ans: Features of Money Market: The salient features of money market are as follows: 2020, 2026

a)       Flow of short-term funds: The money market brings together the lenders who have surplus funds for short-term and the borrowers who are in need of short-term funds.

b)      No fixed geographical location: There is no fix geographical location of money market. Different name is given to money market located in different areas.

c)       Participants: The major participants of money market consist of the government, commercial banks, Life insurance companies, Mutual funds, Non-banking finance companies, stock exchange brokers etc.

4. Answer any six from the following questions: 5×6=30

(a) Explain the various levels of management.

Ans: The term “Levels of Management’ refers to line of differentiation amongst various managerial positions in an organization. The number of levels in management increases as and when the size of business increases and vice-versa. The levels of management can be categories into three parts:

a) Lower level Management: Low level management is considered as operative management. The first line/operative or low level management includes supervisors, foreman and Inspectors. They are a link between middle level management and workers.

b) Middle level Management: Middle management consists of departmental heads and other executive officers of different departments. They execute the policies framed by the top management. They are a link between the top management and supervisory or lower level of management.

c) Top Level Management: Top management is the 3rd line of management, which consists of Chairman, Directors, Managing Director, General Manager and other top-level executives required to achieve the goals of the enterprise. For example: Mr. Hazarika has retired as the managing director of a manufacturing company. He is said to be working at top level of management.

(b) Management is considered to be both an art and a science. Explain.

Ans: Management As a Science: Science is defined as a systematized body of knowledge and it uses scientific methods of observation measurement, experimentation etc. Science may be normative and positive both. Its principles are exact and university applicable. Similarly, Management has systematized body of knowledge and its principles are evolved on the basis of observation and are applicable universally. Management is also considered as a science since it is based on certain definite principles and particular methods are applied to solve various problems before the management personnel. But at the same time it should also be born into mind that management cannot be given the place of science like Physics, Chemistry etc. It is not as true and full of facts as the natural sciences are in their subject matter. There are several reasons which do not allow management to be considered as pure science. These are:

a)      Universally unverifiable: Management principles are not universally verifiable.

b)      Modified plans and policies: Unlike science, managers are deals with government, employees, customers etc. who are human beings and it is not possible to hold human beings constant and any prediction about these factors is impossible.

c)       Based on imaginary considerations: Management principles and concepts are based on imaginary considerations like human behaviour, etc. Its principles when executed do not provide exact results.

d)      Incomprehensive: Various managerial techniques are new and not known to each and every manager due to lack of proper training. A manager prefers other ways to solve managerial problems.

Management As an Art: Art refers to the way of doing specific things i.e. it indicates “how an objective is to be achieved. It is the skill and ability to achieve the desired results.  Art is the practical application of skill and ability guided by certain principles or truths. Management is an art in the sense that it calls for ability and skill to translate scientific management knowledge into meaningful practice. The art of management consists in understanding the diverse managerial and organisational situations and in applying relevant management concepts and methods to the practical realities. Managers have to be creative and innovative in their thinking and have to rely on their own previous experience in every situation. Management is also an art in the sense that management involves blending and balancing diverse interests and concerns, at a point of time and over a period of time. In short, Management is considered as an art because of the followings reasons:

a)       The process of management involves the use of ability and skills.

b)      The process of management is directed towards the accomplishment of organisational objectives.

c)       It is creative in the sense that it is the function of creating productive situations needed for further improvements.

d)      Management is personalized in the sense that every manager has his own approach to problems.

Management is both a science as well as an art.  The science of management provides certain principles that can guide managers in the professional efforts, while the art of management deals with tackling every situation in an effective manner.  Planning and organizing emphasize the science of management while direction, communication motivation coordination and control emphasize art of management.  Getting work done through people is an art of management.

(c) Explain the five principles of management given by Fayol.

Ans: Henry Fayol principles of management:

1.       Division of work: According to this principle the whole work must be divided into small tasks instead of assigning the whole task to one person. Division of work is important for reducing work burden of an employee and improves his skills. This helps an individual to get specialization in his area of expertise and thereby improves the productivity of an individual.

2.       Authority and Responsibility: Authority is the right to issue command and make decisions. Responsibility is obligation towards organization and decisions made. According to this principle, there must be balance in authority and responsibility. If there is no authority, he cannot fulfill his responsibility and if an individual has an authority he must have equal responsibility.

3.       Discipline: Discipline is important for the success of an organization. According to this principle, there must be rules and regulations for systematic working in the organisation and both subordinate and superior must follow these rules. There must be good employee-employer relationship. Employees must obey orders and employer must provide good leadership.

4.       Unity of command: According to this principle of Fayol, every employee should receive orders and instructions from one boss and he should be responsible and accountable to him only. This principle will be violated if an employee is asked to receive orders from more than on superior.                        (2009), 2017, 2022

5.       Unity of Direction: According to this principle “One unit means objective and one plan. There must be one plan for an organization at a time and should be directed by one manager using the same plan. This principle leads to good coordination in the organisation.   (2011), 2017, 2023

(d) What are the steps taken by the management in the planning process?

Ans: Steps in the Process of Planning

1.       Setting organizational objectives: The first and foremost step in the planning process is setting organizational objectives or goals, which specify what the organisation wants to achieve.

2.       Developing planning premises: Planning is concerned with the future, which is uncertain. Therefore, the manager is required to make certain assumptions about the future. These assumptions are called premises.

3.       Identifying alternative courses of action: Once objectives are set and assumptions are made, then the next step is to identify all possible alternative courses of action.

4.       Evaluating alternative courses: The positive and negative aspects of each proposal need to be evaluated in the light of the objective to be achieved, its feasibility and consequences.

5.       Selecting the best possible alternative: This is the real point of decision making. The best/ideal plan has to be adopted, which must be the most feasible, profitable and with least negative consequences. Sometimes, a combination of plans may be selected instead of one best plan.

6.       Implementing the plan: Once the plans are developed, they are put into action. For this, the managers communicate the plans to all employees very clearly and allocate them resources (money, machinery, etc.).

7.       Follow-up action: The managers monitor the plan carefully to ensure that the premises are holding true in the present condition or not. If not, adjustments are made in the plan.

(e) Write the difference between recruitment and selection.

Ans: Difference between recruitment and selection

Basis	Recruitment	Selection
Meaning	It is the process of searching and Motivating candidates to apply for Job.	It is that process of staffing which rejects the unsuitable candidates and choose the suitable candidates.
Purpose	The basic purpose is to create a large pool of applicants for the jobs.	The basic purpose is to eliminate as many candidates as possible until the most suitable candidates get finalized.
Scope	Recruitment is restricted to the extent of receipt of application.	Selection includes sorting of the candidates.
Positive /Negative process	Recruitment is a positive process. As more and more applicant are sought to be attracted.	Selection is a negative process as more applicants are rejected than selected.
Criteria	It gives freedom to applicants. Any one is free to apply.	It gives very little freedom to applicants. Applicants must meet the selection criteria.

(f) Explain the redressal mechanism available to consumer under the Consumer Protection Act.

Ans: The Government of India has framed various laws to protect the interests of consumers. One of the most important laws was the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. The Act provided a three-tier redressal mechanism for the settlement of consumer complaints. These three agencies were District Forum, State Commission and National Commission. The consumer could approach the appropriate agency according to the value of goods or services involved.

1. District Forum: The District Forum was the redressal agency at the district level. It consisted of a President and two other members. The President could be a working or retired judge of the District Court. According to the given framework, it dealt with complaints where the value of goods or services was up to ₹1 crore.

2. State Commission: The State Commission functioned at the state level. It consisted of a President and two other members. The President could be a working or retired judge of the High Court. It dealt with complaints where the value of goods or services was more than ₹1 crore and up to ₹10 crores. It also heard appeals against the orders of the District Forum.

3. National Commission: The National Commission was the highest level of the three-tier redressal mechanism. It consisted of a President and four other members. The President could be a working or retired judge of the Supreme Court. It dealt with complaints where the value of goods or services was more than ₹10 crores. It also heard appeals against the decisions of the State Commission.

(g) Explain briefly any five features of planning.

Ans: Following are the features of Planning:

A)      Planning contributes to objectives: Planning starts with the process of setting up the objectives. We cannot think of planning without objectives. After setting up the objectives various activities are decided which would help in the achievement of the same.

B)      Pervasive: Planning is required at all levels of management. It is not a function restricted to top level managers only but planning is done by managers at every level.

C)      Primary Function: Planning is the first function of the management (primacy).On the basis of planning; the other functions of organizing, staffing, directing and controlling are performed.

D)      Forward looking: planning is looking ahead. It is done for the future and not for the past. All the managers try to make assumptions for the future and act accordingly.

E)      Continuous: Planning goes on continuously. It does not stop after a particular period. If plans are made for a month, after one month new plans are made. So Planning goes on without halt.

(h) Discuss the difference between the contribution to the management principle by Taylor and Fayol.

Ans: Difference between Taylor’s and Fayol’s Contributions

Point of Difference	Taylor	Fayol
Concern	Taylor’s techniques and principles are concerned with worker’s efficiency.	Fayol’s principles are concerned with management efficiency.
Emphasis	Taylor laid great emphasis on standardisation of work.	Fayol laid great emphasis on functions of managers.
Applicability	Applicable to specialised situation.	Universally applicable.
Unity of command	Did not follow this principle as Taylor insisted on minimum 8 bosses. (This point was asked in 2015 exam)	Strictly followed this principles i.e. one boss for one employee.
Expression	Taylor’s techniques are expressed as scientific management.	Fayol’s techniques are expressed as general theory of administration.
Personality	Taylor developed a personality of scientist and become famous as father of scientific management.	Fayol developed the personality of researcher and practitioner and become famous as father of general management.

5. Answer any three from the following questions: 8×3=24

(a) What is divisional structure? Discuss its advantages.  2+6=8

Ans: When the organisation is large in size and is producing more than one type of product then activities related to one product are grouped under one department. This type of organisation is called divisional structure organisation. In divisional structure all activities associated with a product or line can be easily coordinated. For example, a large company producing soaps, shampoos and cosmetics may create separate divisions for soaps, shampoos and cosmetics.

Advantages of Divisional Structure

1. Product specialisation: The divisional structure promotes product specialisation because all activities relating to a particular product are grouped under one division. Managers and employees become familiar with the requirements of their particular product which improves the quality of the product.

2. Fast decision-making: Decision-making becomes faster because each division is independent from other division. Problems relating to a particular product can be dealt quickly.

3. Flexibility: Fast decision-making makes the organisation more flexible. If there is a change in customer preference, market conditions or competition, the concerned division can take suitable action quickly.

4. Fixation of responsibility: In divisional structure, the head of each division is responsible for the performance of that division. Therefore, the success or failure of a particular product can be easily identified.

5. Development of managerial skills: A divisional structure provides managers with an opportunity to handle different activities of their division like production, marketing, finance and human resources etc. This helps in developing managerial skills.

6. Expansion and growth: It becomes easier for a large organisation to expand its operations by creating a new division for a new product. A new division can be added without disturbing the working of the existing divisions.

(b) What is marketing? Discuss the six functions of marketing.  2+6=8

Ans: Marketing is the process of exchange of goods and services and includes all those activities which helps in exchange of goods and services.

In the words of Philip Kotler, “Marketing is human activity directed at satisfying needs and want through exchange process.”

Functions of Marketing / Marketing activities

1. Product Planning: It involves development and commercialisation of new products, the modification of existing lines and discontinuation of unprofitable products.

2. Packaging: The main purpose of packaging is to preserve the quality and quantity of the contents during storage and transit. Besides, it has tremendous advertisement value, and facilitates the sale of a product. Example: Sachet packing has created a revolution in the shampoo industry.

3. Product Pricing: Product Pricing is an important component of marketing. Pricing decisions affect all the parties involved in production, distribution, selling, and consumption of goods. Price affects the volume of sales and profit.

4. Advertising and Sales Promotion: Advertising is a paid method of business communication to the prospective customers and the main objective is to promote the products. Sales promotion includes activities such as demonstrations, displays, dealer schemes that stimulate purchases by dealers/consumers. The marketing manager has to take decisions regarding the advertisement/sales promotion activities.

5. Distribution: Distribution includes distribution channel, area coverage, channel remuneration, warehousing, inventories, banking and transportation.

6. Marketing Research: Marketing Research involves systematic gathering, recording and analysing of data about problems connected with product, pricing, promotion and distribution. It deals with research on customer demand, behaviour of customers, analysis of sales data, market share, etc.

7. Sales Management: Sales Management is responsible for effective management of sales force and generating income to the organization. Salespersons are the backbone of the organisation and success of the organisation depends upon how effectively they are able to sell goods and services to meet the changing needs of the customers. The salesperson has to educate the customers on products and services, sell the same with benefit to the customer and profit to the seller.

8. Branding: Creating a distinct identity of the product from that of competitors e.g. Videocon washing machine is an important function. A good brand helps any product to survive in the competitive market.

(c) What is financial incentive? Explain different financial incentives used to motivate employees of a company. 2+6=8

Ans: Financial or monetary Incentives: Incentives which are directly or indirectly associated with monetary benefits are called financial incentives. Financial incentives are particularly useful when employees are motivated by an increase in their income or by financial security. Examples for financial Incentives — Pay, allowances productivity linked wage incentives, Bonus, Retirement benefits, Co partnership, commission.

The incentives that have a monetary and financial benefit are called financial incentives. They are:

a)    Profit sharing: It has been accepted that the profit earned by the firm is also due to the effort put by the workers. So they have a full right to receive a share in it. It is an effective incentive which satisfies the workers.

b)    Co-partnership: Under this system, employees share the capital as well as the profits. It motivates them as they share the profits too.

c)    Suggestion system: Valuable suggestions are accepted and the most valuable ones are also rewarded with cash money.

d)    Retirement benefits: Every employee wants his future to be secured. The firm provides retirement benefits, pension, provident fund, gratuity etc.

e)    Perks: various perks such as housing, car allowance foreign trips etc. can be given to the managers to boost up his morale.

f)     Some others monetary incentives are:

- Allowances: Additional payments such as house rent allowance, transport allowance, etc.

- Productivity: Linked wage incentives – Additional payment linked with the level of productivity or output.

- Bonus: Additional payment given to employees over and above their regular wages or salary.

- Commission: Payment generally linked with sales or performance.

(d) What is directing? What are the importances of directing?  2+6=8

Ans: Directing is telling the people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of their ability. It is an important function of management which is concerned with guiding, instructing, motivating and supervising the employees in the organisation so that they work effectively towards achieving the predetermined goals of the organisation.

In simple words, directing means giving proper direction to the employees and helping them to perform their work properly.

In the words of Koontz and O’Donnell, “Directing is a complex function that includes all those activities which are designed to encourage subordinates to work effectively and efficiently.”

Importance of Directing

1.    To Initiate Action: The employees in the organisation start working only when they get instructions and directions from their superiors. In the directing function the superiors direct the actions of employees toward the predetermined goals of the organisation.

2.    To Integrate Employees’ Efforts: In the organisation numbers of employees are working at different levels and in different job positions. The employees may differ in their levels of authority and the type of job assigned.

3.    Means of Motivation: Directing function does not mean giving orders only but through directions and instructions the superiors try to motivate the employees to perform to their best ability.

4.    Balance in the Organisation: The directing function tries to create balance in the organisation. Generally when the employees are working at different levels they develop different attitudes and the balance between their attitudes is made by directing function.

5.    To Facilitate Change: Generally, the employees hesitate in accepting the changes but through directing function the changes can be implemented more easily as while giving directing the superiors guide the subordinates that the changes are better for them also.

6.    Provides Leadership: Directing also provides leadership to employees. A manager acts as a leader by guiding employees, giving them proper instructions and encouraging them to perform their duties. Good leadership creates confidence among employees,

7.    Helps in Achieving Organisational Goals: The ultimate purpose of directing is to help the organisation achieve its objectives. When employees receive proper instructions, guidance, motivation and supervision, they can perform their work more effectively and efficiently.

8.    Improves Efficiency of Employees: Proper directing helps employees understand their duties and responsibilities clearly. When employees know what they have to do and receive necessary guidance from their superiors, the chances of mistakes and wastage are reduced.

(e) What are the factors affecting determination of the price of a product? Explain.  8

Ans: Price is defined as the amount we pay for goods or a service or an idea. Price is the only element in the marketing mix of a firm that generates revenue. The term ― Price need not be confused with the term ― Pricing. Price is the value that is put to a product or service. But pricing is different from price. It refers to decisions related to fixing of price of a commodity. A pricing strategy takes into account segments, ability to pay, market conditions, competitors price etc. while fixing price. It is targeted at the defined customers and against competitors. 

Factors determining Fixation of price:

i) Cost of the product: Cost of the product is the main component of the price. No company can sell its product or service at less than the cost of the product. A Fixed and variable cost are to be considered for determining the price.

ii) The utility and demand for the product: Intensive study for the demand for product and service in the market is to be undertaken before the fixation of the price of the product. If demand is relatively more than supply, higher price can be fixed.

iii) Extent of competition in the market: It is necessary to take into consideration prices of the product of the competing firms prior to fixing the price. In case of cut throat competition it is desirable to keep price low.

iv) Government and Legal Regulation: If the price of the commodity and service is to be fixed as per the regulation of the govt., it should also be borne in mind.

v) Pricing objective: Usually at the time of price fixation a certain amount of profit is added to the cost of the product. Objective is to earn higher profit; it may it may add amount of it.

vi) Marketing method used: - Price also influenced by the marketing method used by the company. Example – Commission which is to be paid to the middlemen for the sale of the goods is also added to the price.

*****************

✅ Conclusion

I hope this solved question paper helps you in your preparation. For more such solved papers, notes, and updates, stay connected with Dynamic Tutorials and Services. Let’s make learning easy and effective together!